José María Iglesias
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José María Iglesias Inzaurraga (January 5, 1823, Mexico City—November 17, 1891, Mexico City) was a Mexican lawyer, professor, journalist and politician. From October 31, 1876 to January 23, 1877 he claimed the interim presidency of Mexico. However he was never undisputed president.
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[edit] Background
José María Iglesias was born into a wealthy family in Mexico City, but when he was 12 his father died. Five years later his mother also died. His maternal uncle Manuel Inzaurraga took responsibility for his education. He studied for the law, graduating with good marks, and was admitted to the bar in 1844.
He became a professor of jurisprudence at the College of San Gregorio. He also collaborated on a newspaper opposed to the regime of Antonio López de Santa Anna. He became a city councilman in Mexico City in 1846, and after the U.S. invasion of that year, he was named to the Supreme Military Tribunal. At the end of the war he took an important position in the Treasury Department in the government of Mariano Arista.
[edit] Political Career
In 1852 Iglesias was elected to Congress, where he became known for his eloquence and his knowledge of constitutional law. In 1856 he was named chief clerk of the Treasury Department under President Ignacio Comonfort, and later secretary of justice (January to May, 1857). In the latter position he was responsible for drafting the law that barred the Church from holding landed property. From May until September 1857 he was secretary of the treasury. On September 16, 1857 he was elected, by popular vote, judge of the supreme court. Throughout the War of the Reform (1857-61) he was a strong defender of the Liberal cause in the press.
[edit] In Juárez's cabinet
With the fall of Puebla to the French on May 17, 1863, President Benito Juárez was forced to abandon Mexico City. Iglesias, a Liberal and a constitutionalist, accompanied him. In September, Juárez named him secretary of justice, a position he continued to hold until the Republican government returned to the capital in 1867, after the expulsion of Emperor Maximilian. During this period he accompanied Juárez and the rest of the Republican government as they moved from place to place to avoid capture by the Imperialists. Part of this time he was also secretary of the treasury.
After the return to Mexico City, Iglesias was again elected to Congress. In 1867 he became president of the Chamber of Deputies. From September 1868 until October 1869 he was secretary of the interior. Thereafter he was secretary of justice again.
[edit] As interim president
In 1871 he retired to private life for reasons of health. He returned to public service the next year, and in July 1873 he was elected president of the Supreme Court. (Juárez had died in 1872 and Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada had succeeded him as president.) When Congress declared President Lerdo (also a Liberal and supporter of Juárez) reelected on September 26, 1873, Iglesias, in his judicial capacity, declared the election illegal because of fraud and the constitutional succession interrupted. In the absence of a constitutional president, the constitution specified that executive power should be exercised by the president of the Supreme Court, and as such, Iglesias claimed the presidency. At the same time, General Porfirio Díaz proclaimed the Plan de Tuxtepec and rose against Lerdo.
Some of Iglesias's supporters were arrested by Lerdo de Tejada, and Iglesias was forced to flee the capital. He went to Guanajuato, where he was recognized as president of the Republic by Governor Florencio Antillón, General García de la Cadena, and the military commander of Jalisco, General Cebalhs. In Salamanca he issued a manifesto announcing his assumption of the government. He also named a cabinet. By December the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Jalisco and San Luis Potosí had recognized him as president.
Meanwhile, Lerdo de Tejada was forced to abandon the capital after losing the Battle of Tecoac (Puebla) to General Porfirio Díaz. Díaz and Iglesias began negotiations, but when these broke down over the later's refusal to recognize the Plan de Tuxtepec, Díaz marched against him. Iglesias fled to Guadalajara, where he installed his government on January 2, 1877. His forces under Antillón were defeated at Los Adobes, and he fled with his cabinet and General Ceballos to Manzanillo. On January 17 he sailed for the United States.
[edit] Later life
In New York he wrote La Cuestión Presidencial de 1876, a defense of his claims. He returned to Mexico in 1878 without problems. He was offered several important positions by the government, but he declined. He was editor-in-chief of various journals, and published Apuntes para la Historia de la guerra entre Mejico y los Estados Unidos (Mexico, 1852), and Revistas Historicas sobre la Intervencion Francesa (1870).
He died in Mexico City on November 17, 1891. (Some sources say December 17.)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- (Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.
- (Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5.
[edit] External links
- Short biography at Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
- (Spanish) Short biography
