José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva

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José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (June 13, 1763April 6, 1838), Brazilian statesman and naturalist, was born in Santos, São Paulo.

In 1800 he was appointed professor of geology at Coimbra, and soon after inspector-general of the Portuguese mines; and in 1812 he was made perpetual secretary of the Academy of Lisbon. Returning to Brazil in 1819, he urged Dom Pedro I to resist the recall of the Lisbon court, and was appointed one of his ministers in 1821. When the independence of Brazil was declared, Andrade was made minister of the interior and of foreign affairs; and when it was established, he was again elected by the Constituent Assembly, but his democratic principles resulted in his dismissal from office, July 1823. On the dissolution of the Assembly in November, he was arrested and banished to France, where he lived in exile near Bordeaux till, in 1829, he was permitted to return to Brazil. But being again arrested in 1833, and tried for intriguing on behalf of Dom Pedro I, he passed the rest of his days in retirement at Niterói.

Mr. José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva was an important figure in the Brazilian intellectual circles, participating actively in the movement towards the independence of Brazil as D. Pedro l's counselor. This office gave him the cognomen of "Patriarca da Independência" (Patriarch of the Independence). He was also the author of the abolition project in Brazil presented to the Constituent Assembly in 1823. José Bonifácio spent part of his life in Europe. Graduated in Law and Natural Philosophy in Coimbra, he joined the Science Academy of Lisbon. In his trips around Europe he studied Chemistry and Mineralogy with other scientists. He collected data, made scientific experiences and discovered 4 new minerals and 8 types of unknown species. The mineral andradite is named after him. He taught Geognosy at University of Coimbra. Knowing twelve languages he could speak four.

In 1819, he travelled back to Brazil where he continued to conduct scientific research. A talented man having an unquiet temperament was also headed towards politics and participated actively in the activities concerning the independence of Brazil. He was appointed to be the head of the Ministry for Kingdom and Overseas Affairs.

His relationship with the prince became incompatible and he decided to join the opposition. In 1823 he was exiled and went to live in Bordeaux where, in 1825, come out his "Poesias Avulsas" (Sundry Poetries). To publish them he used the pseudonymous Américo Elísio. José Bonifácio came back to Brazil in 1829. In 1831 when Dom Pedro I abdicated from the throne, he was appointed by the former Emperor to be the tutor of the Emperor's sons. Since he did not agree with the confused Regent's government he tried to reestablish the Empire. In 1833 he lost his duties of tutor and was accused to be a traitor, but he was exculpated. He died on April 6, 1838 in Niterói.

José Bonifácio had also been engaged in Literature. His work Poesias Avulsas that come out in Bordeaux were republished in Brazil, in 1861, by the publisher Laemmert. Here it received the title "Poesias" (Poetries) and the publication had the coordination of Joaquim Norberto de Sousa. In 1942 Afrânio Peixoto prepared another issue that came out through the Brazilian Academy of Letters. The mentioned work, prefaced with a text by Sérgio Buarque de Holanda was also published in a collection, as the I volume, idealized by the "Instituto Nacional do Livro" (The National Institute of the Book), that came out in 1946 and received the title Poesias de Américo Elísio" (Américo Elísio's Poetries). The lines of his poetry are full of a naturalistic pantheism that expresses his intellectual character and scientific curiosity.

His Scientific, Political and Social works published in III volume, were compiled and reproduced by Edgar Cerqueira Falcão with the title Obras científicas, politicas e sociais de José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva". Petalite, a material which contains lithium, was first discovered by him toward the end of the 1700s on a trip to Sweden.

Its third edition came out in 1963 to celebrate the bicentennial of the Patriarch of the Independence. José Bonifácio is the Patron of the 40th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.


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