John Tyndall

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This article is about the 19th century Irish scientist. For the unrelated 20th century British politician of the same name, see John Tyndall (politician).
John Tyndall.
John Tyndall.

John Tyndall (August 2, 1820 – December 4, 1893) was an Irish natural philosopher.

With Charles Darwin and Thomas Huxley his name is inseparably connected with the battle which began in the middle of the 19th century for making the new standpoint of modern science part of the accepted philosophy in general life. For many years, indeed, he came to represent to ordinary Englishmen the typical or ideal professor of physics. His strong, picturesque mode of seizing and expressing things gave him an immense living influence both in speech and writing, and disseminated a popular knowledge of physical science such as had not previously existed. But besides being a true educator, and perhaps the greatest popular teacher of natural philosophy in his generation, he was an earnest and original observer and explorer of nature.

Contents

[edit] Life

[edit] Early life

Tyndall was born in Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland, his father being the son of a small landowner in poor circumstances, but a man of more than ordinary ability, and descended from a Tyndall who settled in Ireland several centuries earlier from England.

Tyndall was to a large extent a self-made man. He had no early advantages, but with indomitable earnestness devoted himself to study, to which he was stimulated by the writings of Carlyle. He passed from a national school in County Carlow to a minor post (1839) in the Irish ordnance survey and then to the English Ordnance Survey (1842), attending Mechanics' Institute lectures at Preston. In 1844 he became a railway engineer, and in 1847 a teacher at Queenwood College, Hampshire. From there, with much spirit and in face of many difficulties, he and his colleague Edward Frankland, attended the University of Marburg (1848-1851), where, by intense application, Tyndall obtained his doctorate in two years. His inaugural dissertation was an essay on screw-surfaces.

[edit] Meeting Huxley and early work

Tyndall's first original work in physical science was in his experiments on magnetism and diamagnetic polarity, on which he worked from 1850 to 1855. While he was still lecturing on natural philosophy at Queenwood College, his magnetic investigations made him known among the leading scientists of the day and, through the initiative of Sir Edward Sabine, treasurer of the Royal Society, he was elected F.R.S. in June 1852. In 1850 he had made Michael Faraday's acquaintance and, shortly before the Ipswich meeting of the British Association in 1851 he began a lasting friendship with Thomas Huxley.

The two young men stood for chairs of physics and natural history respectively, first at Toronto, next at Sydney, but they were in each case unsuccessful. On February 11, 1853 however, Tyndall gave, by invitation, a Friday-evening lecture (on "The Influence of Material Aggregation upon the Manifestations of Force") at the Royal Institution, and his public reputation was at once established. He then joined Huxley in running the science section of the Westminster Review and helped to form a group of evolutionists who paved the way for Charles Darwin's 1859 publication of The Origin of Species.

In May 1854 Tyndall was chosen professor of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution, a post that exactly suited his striking gifts and made him a colleague of Faraday whom, in 1866, he succeeded as scientific adviser to Trinity House and the Board of Trade, and, in 1867, as superintendent of the Royal Institution. His reverent attachment to Faraday is recorded in his memorial volume called Faraday as a Discoverer (1868).

[edit] Glaciology

Tyndall made an extended and serious investigation of glacier motion, developing a close association with Switzerland and a prolonged controversy with other contemporary scientists.

In 1854, after the meeting of the British Association in Liverpool, Tyndall took part in a memorable visit to the Penrhyn slate quarries, where the question of "slaty cleavage" arose in his mind, and ultimately led him, with Huxley, to Switzerland to study the phenomena of glaciers of the Alps. Here the mountains seized him, and he became a constant visitor and one of the most intrepid and most resolute of mountaineers and explorers. Among other feats of climbing, he was the first to ascend the Weisshorn (1861). Tyndall climbed to within a few hundred feet of the top of the Matterhorn in 1864, the year before Edward Whymper succeeded. He would have made the summit but, when at the Mattehorn's penultimate peak, he grudgingly took the advice of his guide to turn back as a storm loomed. The penultimate peak is named in his honour -'John Tyndall 1864' is engraved on a stone upon it. The strong, vigorous, healthiness and enjoyment that permeate the record of his Alpine work are magnificent, and other traces of his influence remain in Switzerland to this day.

His mountaineering expeditions became legendary with his fellows in London's prestigious Alpine Club - he first climbed in the French Alps conquering Mont Blanc after breakfasting on a ham sandwich! They must have been pretty substantial in those days!

The problem of the flow of glaciers occupied his attention for years, and his views brought him into acute conflict with others, particularly James David Forbes and James Thomson. Every-one knew that glaciers moved, but the questions were: how they moved, for what reason and by what mechanism. Some thought they slid like solids, others that they flowed like liquids, others that they crawled by alternate expansion and contraction, or by alternate freezing and melting. Others again thought that they broke and mended. Thus there arose a chaos of controversy, illuminated by definite measurements and observations. Tyndall's own summary of the course of research on the subject was as follows:

The idea of semi-fluid motion belongs entirely to Rendu; the proof of the quicker central flow belongs in part to Rendu, but almost wholly to Agassiz and Forbes; the proof of the retardation of the bed belongs to Forbes alone; while the discovery of the locus of the point of maximum motion belongs, I suppose, to me.

But while Forbes asserted that ice was viscous, Tyndall denied it, and insisted, as the result of his observations, on the flow being due to fracture and regelation. All agreed that ice flowed as if it were a viscous fluid and James Thomson offered an independent and purely thermodynamic explanation of this apparent viscosity. Tyndall considered Thomson's explanation insufficient to account for the facts he observed but Hermann Helmholtz, in his lecture on "Ice and Glaciers," adopted Thomson's theory, and afterwards added in an appendix that he had come to the conclusion that Tyndall had "assigned the essential and principal cause of glacier motion in referring it to fracture and regelation" (1865).

[edit] Thermodynamics and Microbiology

Tyndall's investigations of the transparency and opacity of gases and vapours for radiant heat, which occupied him during many years (1859-1871), are frequently considered his chief scientific work. But his activities were essentially many-sided. He definitely established the absorptive power of clear aqueous vapour--a point of great meteorological significance. An accomplished mountaineer fascinated with Louis Agassiz's daring proposal of ice ages, in which glaciers once covered enormous parts of the globe, Tyndall's experiments showed that in addition to water vapour, carbonic acid - known today as carbon dioxide - absorbs a great deal of heat.[1] He then linked this phenomenon to the possibility of changes in the climate, trying to explain why glaciers could advance and retreat.[2] He made brilliant experiments elucidating the blue of the sky, and discovered the precipitation of organic vapours by means of light. He called attention to curious phenomena occurring in the track of a luminous beam. He examined the opacity of the air for sound in connection with lighthouse and siren work.

Tyndall finally clinched the proof of what already had been substantially demonstrated by several others (particularly Louis Pasteur) that germ-free air did not initiate putrefaction, and that accordingly "spontaneous generation" was a chimera (1875-1876). A practical outcome of this research was a method of sterilizing a liquid medium by heating it to the boiling point at atmospheric pressure on successive days ("Tyndallization"). This treatment is sufficient to kill the growing microorganisms that develop from heat-refractory spores after the first day. "Tyndallization" is useful for sterilization of growth media in high school science classes and other situations where autoclaves are unavailable for pressure sterilization.[3]

For the substantial publication of these researches reference must be made to the Transactions of the Royal Society; but an account of many of them was incorporated in his best-known books, namely, the famous Heat as a Mode of Motion (1863; and later editions to 1880), the first popular exposition of the mechanical theory of heat, which in 1862 had not reached the textbooks; The Forms of Water, &c. (1872); Lectures on Light (1873); Essays on the floating-matter of the air in relation to putrefaction and infection (1881); On Sound (1867; revised 1875, 1883, 1803). The original memoirs themselves on radiant heat and on magnetism were collected and issued as two large volumes under the following titles: Diamagnetism and Magne-crystallic Action (1870); Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat (1872). In 1875 Tyndall reported to the Royal Society in London that a species of Penicillium had caused some of his bacteria to burst. This discovery of antibiotic properties of penicillium predated Ernest Duchesne by 20 years and Alexander Fleming by over 50 years.

[edit] Personality and private life

It was on the whole the personality, however, rather than the discoverer, that was greatest in Tyndall. In the pursuit of pure science for its own sake, undisturbed by sordid considerations, he shone as a beacon light to younger men — an exemplar of simple tastes, robust nature and lofty aspirations. His elevation above the common run of men was conspicuous in his treatment of the money which came to him in connexion with his successful lecturing tour in America (1872–1873). It amounted to several thousands of pounds, but he would touch none of it; he placed it in the hands of trustees for the benefit of American science — an act of lavishness which bespeaks a noble nature. Though not so prominent as Huxley in detailed controversy over theological problems, he played an important part in educating the public mind in the attitude which the development of natural philosophy entailed towards dogma and religious authority. His famous Belfast address (1874), delivered as president of the British Association, made a great stir among those who were then busy with the supposed conflict between science and religion; and in his occasional writings — Fragments of Science, as he called them, "for unscientific people" — he touched on current conceptions of prayer, miracles, etc., with characteristic straightforwardness and vigour.

As a public speaker he had an inborn Irish readiness and vehemence of expression; and, though a thorough Liberal, he split from Mr Gladstone on Irish home rule, and took an active part in politics in opposing it.

In 1876 Tyndall married Louisa, daughter of Lord Claud Hamilton. He built in 1877 a cottage on Bel Alp above the Rhone valley, and in 1885 a house on Hindhead, near Haslemere. At the latter place he spent most of his later years; his health was, however, no longer as vigorous as his brain, and he suffered frequently from sleeplessness. In Hindhead on December 4, 1893, Louisa accidentally gave him an overdose of chloral hydrate - a drug which he took for his insomnia. His last words were, reputedly, "Louisa, you have killed your beloved John." He died during Louisa's agonizing search for an antidote. The doctor she called gave him an emetic but it failed to rouse him. [Eve & Creasy , Life and Work of John Tyndall]]. Louisa spent the rest of her days championing his life and work among his peers and the general public, especially children, who he had always striven to imbue with a love of science. She found it difficult to write his biography and was often at loggerheads with the biographers - Eve and Creasy - she chose for the work. Sadly, she would not allow them to examine some of his private papers. Before her death, she even excised pages from her own diaries relating to her personal relationship with John. These diaries - along with John Tyndall's archive, are now housed in the Royal Institution - of which he was a former Director - in London's Albermarle Street. One of their prized possessions is a sealed test-tube containing his urine. He once used his urine, in open test tubes, while studying the effect of atmospheric pollution and putrifaction. He would hang one tube on a line in London, one in Hindhead and another in his Alpine retreat, with assistants noting the extent of putrifaction. These experiments helped him prove the germ theories of his antecedents and contemporaries. The Royal Institution commemorates Tyndall with a series of eponymous BBC-televised Christmas lectures by eminent scientists.

[edit] Honours

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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[edit] Bibliography

[edit] About Tyndall

  • Eve, A.S & Creasey, C.H. (1945). Life and Work of John Tyndall. London: Macmillan. 
  • Burchfield, J.A. (1981). John Tyndall, Essays on a Natural Philosopher. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society. 

[edit] By Tyndall

  • Tyndall, J. [1860] (2005). The Glaciers of the Alps. Adamant Media Corp.. ISBN 1-4212-0908-X. 
  • Tyndall, J. [1870] (2001). Heat, A Mode of Motion. London: Longmans, Green & Co.. ISBN 1-4021-6852-7. 
  • Tyndall, J. [1871] (2001). Fragments of Science for Unscientific People: A Series of Detached Essays, Lectures, and Reviews. New York: Appleton & Co.. ISBN 1-4021-7127-7. 
  • Tyndall, J. [1875] (2005). Sound. London: Longmans, Green & Co.. ISBN 1-4021-7037-8. 
  • Tyndall, J. [1893] (2003). Faraday as a Discoverer. U.S.: Indypublish.com. ISBN 1-4043-6523-0. 
  • Tyndall, J. [1897] (2005). The Forms of Water in Clouds and Rivers, Ice and Glaciers. Kessinger. ISBN 1-4179-4205-3. 
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