John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore

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John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore (1730 – February 25, 1809) was the British governor of the Province of New York from 1770 to 1771 and the Virginia Colony, from September 25, 1771 until his departure to New York on New Years Eve, 1776. During his term as Virginia's colonial governor, he directed a series of campaigns against the Indians known as Lord Dunmore's War. The Shawnee were the main target of these attacks, and his purpose was to strengthen Virginia's claims in the west, particularly in the Ohio Country. However, some have accused him of colluding with the Shawnees and arranging the war to deplete the Virginia militia and help safeguard the Loyalist cause, should there be a colonial rebellion.

[edit] The Revolution

From 1774 on, Dunmore was continually clashing with the Colonial Assembly. He left Williamsburg on June 8, 1775, retreating to his hunting lodge, Porto Bello, and had to take r[efuge on the British warship Fowey --> in the York River when the American Revolutionary War began. When he realized he could not regain control in Virginia, he returned to Britain in July 1776.

He is noted for Lord Dunmore's Proclamation on November 7, 1775, whereby he offered freedom to enslaved Africans who joined his Army. This was the first mass emancipation of slaves in North America, however, after his retreat he resold these men back into slavery. He organized these Black Loyalists into the Ethiopian Regiment. However, after the Battle of Kemp's Landing, Dunmore became over-confident, which precipitated his defeat at the Battle of Great Bridge, December 9, 1775. Following this defeat, he loaded his army onto British ships and retreated to New York.

[edit] Later life

From 1787 to 1796, he served as governor of the Bahamas. He was the father of Lady Augusta Murray, daughter in law of George III

[edit] Heritage

Dunmore County, Virginia, formed in 1772, was named in his honor. However, as the American Revolution got underway, the citizens changed its name to Shenandoah County in 1778.

"Porto Bello", the hunting lodge of Lord Dunmore, still stands on the grounds of Camp Peary in York County, Virginia. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Access to the base is highly restricted, so the structure is not available for public viewing.

The Dunmore Pineapple was built in 1761 before he left Scotland. The building is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland and is leased to the Landmark Trust who use it to provide holiday accommodation. The gardens are open to the public year round.

Dunmore Street in Norfolk, Virginia was named for him. As the last royal governor, on New Year's Day in 1776, Dunmore gave orders to burn Norfolk after he had left on a British warship. It is said that the naming of Dunmore Street was not to honor the ex-governor, but to celebrate the place in Norfolk where he had last set foot.

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Preceded by Sir Henry Moore, Bart	Royal Governor of New York 1770–1771	Succeeded by William Tryon
Preceded by William Nelson	Crown Governor of Virginia 1771–1775	Succeeded by —
Preceded by William Murray	Earl of Dunmore	Succeeded by George Murray