John Lowell, Jr.
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1799–1836
John Lowell, Jr. (May 11, 1799–March 4, 1836) was an early Boston philanthropist, and through his will, founder of the Lowell Institute.
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[edit] Early life
Lowell was the son of pioneer industrialist Francis Cabot Lowell (1775-1817), one of the founders of the region's textile industry, and Hannah Jackson, sister of Patrick Tracy Jackson, another industrial pioneer. His grandfather and namesake, Judge John Lowell (1743-1802), served in the U.S. Congress (1782) and was appointed later to the federal bench by President George Washington. Within his famlily and community John Lowell Jr. was referred to as The Rebel and his grandfather as The Old Judge.[1]
After receiving his earliest education in the Boston public schools, young Lowell was taken by his father to Europe and placed at the high school of Edinburgh. In 1813, at the age of 14, he entered Harvard College. Plagued with ill health, he left college after two years and entered his family’s mercantile firm, sailing before the mast to India, the East Indies, and England.[2]
[edit] Career and family
Returning from his voyages with invigorated health, Lowell devoted himself to business and, in his leisure time, to book collecting, reading, and politics, serving on the Boston Common Council and in the Massachusetts state senate. The 1820s and 1830s were a turbulent period in New England, marked by intense political and religious conflict between an insurgent popular democracy, which challenged economic and religious establishments, and an emergent capitalist elite which, though almost invariably defeated at the polls, was learning to use its wealth to advance its political agenda through non-political means.
Conflict between the Unitarian elite and the evangelical urban masses intensified in the 1820s, as followers of popular ministers like Lyman Beecher openly challenged elite-controlled institutions like Harvard and the Boston Athenaeum using a variety of voluntary associations – young men’s and mechanics societies, lyceums, debating clubs, and temperance groups. The continuing erosion of the elite’s cultural authority was deeply troubling to Lowell and his contemporaries.
In 1830 and 1831, tragedy struck the Lowell household, with the deaths, within a few months of one another, of his wife and two children. Heartbroken, John Lowell retired from business and attempted to assuage his grief with travel, first to the western states and subsequently in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. Before departing for Europe in 1832, he wrote a will in which, according to his biographer, "he set aside a large portion of his ample property to be expended, forever, in the support of those courses of lectures in the city of Boston."
Over the course of the next four years, Lowell traveled through France, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Armenia, Persia, and Egypt, down the Nile to Kartoum, through Ethiopia, and ultimately to India. Although the bequest providing for "the maintenance and support of public lectures, to be delivered in Boston, upon philosophy, natural history, the arts and sciences, or any of them, as the trustee shall, from time to time, deem expedient for the promotion of the moral, and intellectual, and physical instruction or education of the citizens of Boston" had been set forth before his departure from Boston, "-- in a codicil to his will written "amidst the ruins of Thebes" and, subsequently, in letters written from Egypt, he further amplified his ideas about the trust (Everett, 3). Although he expressed a preference for lectures on religion and on topics that would contribute to the material prosperity of the region, he ceded to his trustee discretion to "establish lectures on any subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may demand" (Everett, 5).
Lowell died in Bombay, India on March 4, 1836. The first lecture supported by his trust – by Yale geologist Benjamin Silliman -- was offered in December of 1839.
[edit] Lowell Institute
Main article: Lowell Institute
Although large-scale philanthropic gestures were a relative novelty in early nineteenth century America, the idea of an elite institution providing popular lectures by eminent scientists and scholars was not. Having spent much of his youth in England, Lowell was undoubtedly familiar with the Royal Institution – an entity that sponsored basic scientific research and popular lectures and demonstrations. The Institution had been founded in 1799 by Massachusetts expatriates Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)(1753-1814) and Thomas Barnard (1726-1806), wealthy and influential Americans who, having sided with the British during the Revolution, had taken up residence in London.
The trust – or Lowell Institute, as it came to be known – had an unusual mode of governance: a single trustee who was empowered to appoint his successor and who was, in the language of Lowell's will, "always choose in preference to all others some male descendant of my grandfather, John Lowell, provided there be one who is competent to hold the office of trustee, and of the name of Lowell" (Everett, 8). Despite this odd restriction (or perhaps because of it), the Institute proved to be an extraordinarily innovative philanthropic force.
Under its first trustee, the founder's cousin, John Amory Lowell (1798-1881), the Institute flourished. Lowell was both a man of extraordinary financial acumen and a man of high intellect. The list of Lowell Lecturers during his tenure was a veritable pantheon of the most internationally celebrated figures in science, literature, political economy, philosophy, and theology, including Britain’s most celebrated geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, Swiss naturalist Louis Agassiz, and novelists Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.
The lectures were so immensely popular that crowds crushed the windows of the Old Corner Bookstore where the tickets were distributed and certain series had to be repeated by popular demand.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Greenslet, Ferris, The Lowells and Their Seven Worlds; Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 1946. ISBN 0897602633.
- ^ Lowell, Delmar R., The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899 (pp 118-119); Rutland VT, The Tuttle Company, 1899. ISBN 9780788415678.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
[edit] Footnotes
- Bode, Carl, The American Lyceum; New York, Oxford University Press, 1956.
- Dalzell, Robert F., Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made; Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1987.
- Everett, Edward, A Memoir of Mr. John Lowell, delivered December 31, 1839 at the Introduction to the Lectures on His Foundation at the Odeon; Boston, Little Brown, 1840.
- Gelfand, Mark I., Trustee for a City: Ralph Lowell of Boston; Boston, Northeastern University Press, 1998.
- Lowell, John, Jr., The John Lowell, Jr. papers; Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society.
- Knight Smith, Harriette, The History of the Lowell Institute; Boston, Lamson and Wolffe, 1898.
- Story, Ronald, The Forging of an Aristocracy: Harvard and Boston's Upper Class; Middletown, Wesleyan University Press, 1981.
- Weeks, Edward, The Lowells and Their Institute; Boston, Little Brown, 1966.
[edit] External links
- The Historic Genealogy of the Lowells of America from 1639 to 1899 is available for free download at Google Books.
| Preceded by Created |
Trustee of Lowell Institute 1814–1836 |
Succeeded by John Amory Lowell |
