John Gresham
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Sir John Gresham (1492 - 23 October 1556) was an English merchant and financier who worked for King Henry VIII of England, Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell. He was Lord Mayor of London and founded Gresham's School.
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[edit] Life
Gresham was born in 1492, at Holt, in Norfolk, and was descended from an old Norfolk family (see section 'Gresham Family', below).
In about 1510, Gresham was apprenticed to John Middleton, a London mercer, and after serving his seven years he was admitted as a member of the Worshipful Company of Mercers. In 1519, he and his older brother William Gresham were both elected to the livery of the company.
Gresham was in partnership with his brother, Richard Gresham, in the export of textiles and in importing grain from the continent. He also imported wine from Bordeaux, traded in silks and spices from the Ottoman Empire and imported timber and skins from the Baltic. He founded the Russia Company to trade with Russia. Meanwhile, he acted as an agent for Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell.
Gresham invested his money in land, buying the manors of Titsey, Tatsfield, Westerham, and Lingfield on the borders of Surrey and Kent, as well as properties in Norfolk and Buckinghamshire. He lived at a great house called Titsey Place at Oxted in Surrey from 1534 until his death.
Gresham was Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1537-1538 and at the same time was knighted. He worked for and became a friend of King Henry VIII, who in 1539 granted him the manor of Sanderstead in Surrey, following the dissolution of the monasteries: it had previously belonged to the Minster of Winchester since the year 962.
In 1541, Gresham was one of the jurors who tried Thomas Culpepper and Francis Dereham for treason - that is, intimacy with Queen Catherine Howard. Both were duly beheaded at Tyburn on 10 December 1541, and their heads were put on display on London Bridge. Queen Catherine Howard was subsequently executed on February 13, 1542.
In 1547, Sir John Gresham became Lord Mayor of London.
In 1555, a year before his death, he founded Gresham's School in the town of his birth, Holt in Norfolk. Gresham endowed the school with land and money and placed these endowments in the care of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, which has continued to carry out his trust to the present day.
[edit] The Gresham Family
Sir John Gresham belonged to a Norman family. His ancestor in the male line was Ralph de Braunche, one of the knights of William the Conqueror who fought at the Battle of Hastings (1066) under William de Warenne and was later granted lands in Norfolk which included the manor of Gresham.
The line from Sir Ralph de Braunche (born before 1031) is through Sir Richard de Braunche (born before 1051), William de Branche, Richard de Branche, Sir Peter de Branche (early 13th century), Roger de Gresham (c. 1230-1259), who first took the name of Gresham, Roger de Gresham (late 13th century), and Edward de Gresham (living 1312). Edward's son John Gresham was baptized in 1340 at Aylmerton, Norfolk, and died there in 1410, owning property in Aylmerton and an interest in the manor of Holt. His son John Gresham was born in 1390 and died in 1450. In 1414, he was living at Holt. His son, James Gresham, of Holt, Norfolk, Lord of the Manor of East Beckham, lived from 1442 to 1497, and his son John Gresham of Holt married Alice Blyth and was the father of Sir John Gresham. [1]
Gresham had brothers called William and Richard. The latter became Sir Richard Gresham and was also a Lord Mayor of London; he was the father of the famous Sir Thomas Gresham who founded the Royal Exchange and Gresham College, both in the City of London.
Sir John Gresham married twice: firstly, in 1521, Mary Ipswell, with whom he had twelve children between 1522 and 1538, and secondly, after Mary's death, Catherine Sampson, the widow of Edward Dormer, on 15 July 1553.
[edit] Descendants of Sir John Gresham
The twelve children of John and Mary Gresham were William, Mary, Catherine, James, John, Edmund, Anthony, Ellen, Ursula, Cecily, Elizabeth and Richard. Most of them died without issue, but the senior line of Gresham's descendants continued until the early nineteenth century.
Gresham's eldest son, William Gresham (1512-1579), was the father of Sir Thomas Gresham of Titsey (died 1630), whose sons were Sir John Gresham of Titsey (1588-1643) and Sir Edward Gresham of Titsey (1594-1647). The latter's son, Sir Marmaduke Gresham of Limpsfield (1627-1696), was created a baronet in 1660.
The 17th century Greshams sat as Members of Parliament, loyally supported King Charles I throughout the Civil War, and suffered from the victory of Cromwell. In 1643 the house at Titsey was commandeered by the Parliamentarians, but at the time of the Restoration in 1660 the new King Charles II created the head of the family, Marmaduke Gresham, a baronet as a reward for the family's support for the Royalist cause. This title died out with Sir John Gresham, sixth and last Baronet, of Limpsfield (who died in 1801). However, the last Sir John Gresham's daughter and heiress, Katherine Maria Gresham, married William Leveson-Gower, first cousin of the Marquess of Stafford, later the first Duke of Sutherland, and through Katherine Maria the Titsey estate continued to be owned by Sir John Gresham's descendants until the death of Thomas Leveson Gower in 1992. By his will, Leveson Gower set up the Titsey Foundation, a charitable trust with the aim of preserving the estate for the benefit of the nation.
Nevertheless, the first Sir John Gresham's line continues in the descendants of his third son, another John Gresham, who was the ancestor of the Greshams of Fulham, Albury, and Haslemere.
[edit] Gresham's School
In 1555, shortly before his death, Gresham founded Gresham's School in his home town of Holt, Norfolk, placing its endowments under the stewardship of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers, which has continued to carry out the task entrusted to it until the present day.
[edit] The Gresham Grasshopper
- The grasshopper is the crest above Sir John Gresham's coat of arms. It can be seen at Titsey Place, his country house, and is used by Gresham's School, which he founded. It can also be seen as the weathervane on the Royal Exchange in the City of London, founded in 1565 by Gresham's nephew Sir Thomas Gresham. Gresham's original Royal Exchange building (destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666) was profusely decorated with grasshoppers. The grasshopper is also used as a symbol by Gresham College in the City of London, which Sir Thomas also established.
- According to an ancient legend of the Greshams, the founder of the family, Roger de Gresham, was a foundling abandoned as a new-born baby in long grass in North Norfolk in the 13th century and found there by a woman whose attention was drawn to the child by a grasshopper. A beautiful story, it is more likely that the grasshopper is simply an heraldic rebus on the name Gresham, with gres being a Middle English form of grass (Old English grœs).
- In the system of English heraldry, the grasshopper is said to represent wisdom and nobility.
[edit] References
- Dictionary of National Biography
- Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham by J.W. Burgon (London, 1839)
- The History and Register of Gresham's School, 1555-1954 (Ipswich, 1955);
- I Will Plant Me a Tree: an Illustrated History of Gresham's School (James & James, London, 2002)
- Felbridge History Group
- The Titsey Estate
- Gresham's School online
