John Browning
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John Moses Browning (January 21[1] or January 23,[2] 1855 – November 26, 1926), born in Ogden, Utah, was an American firearms designer who developed myriad varieties of weapons, cartridges, and gun mechanics, many of which are still in use around the world. He is arguably one of the most important figures in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms and is credited with 128 gun patents — his first (for a single shot rifle) was granted October 7, 1879.
One significant contribution is the pistol slide design, found on nearly every modern automatic handgun, developed in the 1890s and introduced on Colt and Fabrique Nationale (FN) pistols such as the M1911. He also developed the first gas-operated automatic machine gun, the Colt-Browning Model 1895 — a system that would surpass recoil - actuated in popularity. Other successful designs include the Browning .50 caliber machine gun, the Browning Automatic Rifle, and a ground-breaking semi-automatic shotgun, the Browning Auto-5.
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[edit] History
From 1883, Browning worked in partnership with the Winchester Repeating Arms Company, and designed a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the Winchester Model 1887 and Model 1897 shotguns and the lever-action Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894 and Model 1895 rifles, most of which are still in production today in some form.
Perhaps the most infamous singular Browning-designed firearm was a FN Model 1910 handgun, serial number 19074. In 1914, the pistol was used by Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie. This event arguably sparked World War I. The pistol was rediscovered in 2004.[3]
Browning belonged to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served a two year mission in Georgia beginning on March 28, 1887. His father Jonathan Browning, who was among the thousands of Mormon pioneers in the mass exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah, had established a gunsmith shop in Ogden in 1852.
On November 26, 1926, while working on a self-loading pistol design for FN in Liege, he died of heart failure in the office of his son Val. The 9 mm self-loading pistol he was working on when he died was eventually completed in 1935, by Belgian designer Dieudonne Saive. Released as the Fabrique Nationale GP35, it was more popularly known as the Browning Hi-Power. The Superposed shotgun was completed by his son Val A. Browning
Until his death, Browning designed weapons for Colt, Remington, his own company and Fabrique Nationale of Belgium. In 1977, FN acquired the Browning Arms Company which had been established in 1927, the year after Browning's death.
[edit] Products
Several of his designs are still in production today. Some of his most notable designs include:
[edit] Firearms
- M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun
- Colt Model 1897
- FN Browning M1899/M1900
- Colt Model 1900
- Colt Model 1902
- Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer (.38 ACP)
- Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless (.32 ACP)
- Colt Model 1905, the first .45 ACP
- Remington Model 8 (1906), a semi-automatic rifle
- Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket (.25 ACP)
- Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless (.380 ACP)
- FN Model 1910
- U.S. Model 1911, the first .45 ACP military handgun
- Winchester Model 1887 lever-action repeating shotgun
- Winchester Model 1894 lever-action repeating rifle
- Winchester Model 1897 pump-action repeating shotgun
- Browning Auto-5 semi-automatic shotgun
- U.S. Model 1917 water-cooled machine gun
- Model 1919 air-cooled machine gun
- Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) of 1917
- Browning M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun of 1921
- The Browning Hi-Power, the last firearm Browning developed
[edit] Cartridges
In addition, the cartridges he developed are still some of the most popular in the world. They include:
[edit] Military weapons
The Colt 1911, Browning 1917, and the BAR saw action in World War I, World War II and the Korean War, with the 1911 going on to serve as the U.S.'s standard military side arm until 1986; a variant is still used by special operations units of the USMC and FBI's Hostage Rescue Team, and the design remains very popular amongst civilian shooters. The Browning Hi-Power would have a similarly lengthy period of service outside the United States, and remains the standard sidearm of the United Kingdom's armed forces. The M2 heavy machine gun is still in widespread use throughout the world.
[edit] Selected patents
- U.S. Patent 220,271 Winchester 1885 single-shot, Browning’s first patent
- U.S. Patent 306,577 Winchester 1886 and Model 71 lever action rifles
- U.S. Patent 336,287 Winchester Model 1887/1901 lever action shotgun
- U.S. Patent 385,238 Winchester 1890 pump action rifle
- U.S. Patent 441,390 Winchester 1893 and 1897 pump action shotguns
- U.S. Patent 465,339 Winchester 1892 lever action rifle
- U.S. Patent 524,702 Winchester 1894 lever action rifle
- U.S. Patent 544,657 Colt-Browning Model 1895 machinegun
- U.S. Patent 549,345 Winchester 1895 lever action rifle
- U.S. Patent 580,924 Colt 1900 automatic pistol
- U.S. Patent 632,094 Winchester 1900 bolt action single shot .22 rifle
- U.S. Patent 659,507 FN/Browning Auto-5 shotgun, also Remington Model 11
- U.S. Patent 659,786 Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle.
- U.S. Patent 678,937 M1917 Browning machine gun
- U.S. Patent 747,585 Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless automatic pistol
- U.S. Patent 781,765 Stevens 520 pump action shotgun
- U.S. Patent 808,003 Colt Model 1905 in 45 ACP (predecessor to the M1911)
- U.S. Patent 947,478 FN Model 1906 and Colt 1908 Vest Pocket in 25 ACP
- U.S. Patent 984,519 Colt 1911
- U.S. Patent 1,065,341 Browning .22 Automatic Rifle
- U.S. Patent 1,143,170 Remington Model 17 and Ithaca 37 pump action shotguns
- U.S. Patent 1,276,716 Colt Woodsman
- U.S. Patent 1,293,022 Browning Automatic Rifle Model of 1918
- U.S. Patent 1,424,553 FN "Trombone" pump action .22 cal repeater (Rare in USA)
- U.S. Patent 1,525,065 37 mm automatic cannon
- U.S. Patent 1,578,638 Browning Superposed over/under shotgun
- U.S. Patent 1,618,510 FN and Browning Hi-Power pistol
- U.S. Patent 1,628,226 M2 Browning machine gun in 50 caliber
[edit] Trivia
Hermann Göring often remarked, "Whenever I hear the word 'culture', I reach for my Browning," a misquote from Hanns Johst's play Schlageter(1933): "Wenn ich Kultur höre ... entsichere ich meinen Browning" - "Whenever I hear the word culture... I release the safety-catch of my Browning!" (Act 1, Scene 1)
[edit] References
- John Browning & Curt Gentry. John M. Browning, American Gunmaker. NY: Doubleday, 1964. OCLC 1329440
- ^ http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9016723/John-Moses-Browning
- ^ Pelley, Doug (2004-07). Pictures of Headstones: John M. Browning. Retrieved on January 23, 2007.
- ^ Connolly, Kate. "Found: the gun that shook the world", The Telegraph, 2004-06-21. Retrieved on January 23, 2007.
[edit] See also
- Winchester Repeating Arms Company
- Browning Arms Company
- Remington Arms
- Fabrique Nationale de Herstal
- Val A. Browning
- John Moses Browning House
