John A. Dahlgren
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| John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren | |
|---|---|
| November 13, 1809 – July 12, 1870 | |
 John A. Dahlgren |
|
| Nickname | "father of American naval ordnance"[1] |
| Place of birth | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| Allegiance | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1826 – July 12, 1870 |
| Rank | Rear Admiral |
| Commands | South Atlantic Blockading Squadron South Pacific Squadron Bureau of Ordnance Commandant of the Washington Navy Yard |
| Battles/wars | American Civil War |
Rear Admiral John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren, USN, (November 13, 1809 – July 12, 1870), son of Bernhard Ulrik Dahlgren, merchant and Swedish Consul in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, made his career in the United States Navy. He headed the Union Navy's ordnance department during the American Civil War and designed several different kinds of guns and cannons that were considered part of the reason the Union won the war.
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[edit] Biography
John Dahlgren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He joined the United States Navy in 1826 as a midshipman and was promoted to the coastal survey in 1834. By 1847, he was an ordnance officer, and at the Washington Navy Yard began to improve and systematize the procurement and supply system for weapons.
Under his command, the Navy established its own foundry, and its first product was the Boat Howitzer, which was designed to be used on both ship and in landings. But, it is his cast iron cannon, which came to bear his name (the Dahlgren gun), which was his most famous contribution.
His "Boat Howitzer" design was an improvement on the shell-gun invented by the French Admiral Henri-Joseph Paixhans. Dahlgren wrote:
- "Paixhans had so far satisfied naval men of the power of shell guns as to obtain their admission on shipboard; but by unduly developing the explosive element, he had sacrificed accuracy and range.... The difference between the system of Paixhans and my own was simply that Paixhans guns were strictly shell guns, and were not designed for shot, nor for great penetration or accuracy at long ranges. They were, therefore, auxiliary to, or associates of, the shot-guns. This made a mixed armament, was objectionable as such, and never was adopted to any extent in France... My idea was, to have a gun that should generally throw shells far and accurately, with the capacity to fire solid shot when needed. Also to compose the whole battery entirely of such guns." John A. Dalgren
The United States Navy had equipped several ships with 8-inch Paixhans guns of 63 and 55 cwt. in 1845, and later a 10-inch shell gun of 86 cwt. In 1854, the six Merrimack-class warships were equipped with 9-inch Dahlgren shell guns. By 1856, the Dahlgren gun had become the standard armament of the United States Navy.
However, fatefully, one of the "dahlgrens" exploded on being tested in 1860, causing Navy regulations to require the use of much lower levels of powder until into the Civil War. The commander of USS Monitor felt that had his gunner packed the cannons with a full charge, he might have been able to destroy CSS Virginia.
Dahlgren himself took charge of the Washington Navy Yard in 1861, and in 1863 took command of the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron. In 1864, he helped William Tecumseh Sherman secure Savannah, Georgia. In 1869, he returned to the Washington Navy Yard where he served until his death.
The Naval station in Dahlgren, Virginia, Dahlgren Hall at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, and several ships were named for him, as was Dahlgren, Illinois.
Admiral Dahlgren's son, Colonel Ulric Dahlgren, was killed during the Civil War in a cavalry raid on Richmond, Virginia, while carrying out an alleged assassination plot against Jefferson Davis. The plot is known as the Dahlgren Affair. The admiral was deeply troubled by his son's death and role in this event. He spent much of his later life advancing the theory that documents implicating Ulric had been forged.
Admiral Dahlgren's younger brother Charles G. Dahlgren was a Brigadier General in the Confederate Army in the Civil War.
[edit] Personal life
In 1865, Dahlgren married Madeleine Vinton, daughter of Congressman Samuel Finley Vinton and Romaine Madeleine Bureau, and the widow of Daniel Convers Goddard, first Assistant Secretary of the newly-created U.S. Department of the Interior. Madeleine was a well-known author in her own right. Their children were John Vinton Dahlgren, who married Elizabeth Wharton Drexel; Eric Dahlgren, who married Lucy Drexel; Ulrica Dahlgren, who married Josiah Pierce and became the grandmother of Romaine Dahlgren Pierce, wife of David Mountbatten, 3rd Marquess of Milford Haven.
[edit] Selected works
- The System of Boat Armaments in the United States Navy
- Shells and Shell Guns
- Naval Percussion Locks and Primers
[edit] References
- Rear Admiral John A. Dahlgren. Biographies in Naval History. Naval Historical Center (25 July 2001). Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
- Alice J. Gayley. Admiral John A. Dahlgren. Pennsylvania in the Civil War. PA Roots. Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Naval History Center biography
[edit] See also
- Dahlgren - Other uses of Dahlgren
- USS Dahlgren - List of US Naval ships named for Dahlgren
- Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
[edit] External links
- John Adolph Dahlgren. Virtual American Biographies. Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
[edit] Further reading
- Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1882). Memoir of John A. Dahlgren, Rear Admiral United States Navy. J.R. Osgood and Co.. ASIN B000895S0A. (Written by Dahlgren's widow)
