Joe McKelvey
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Joe McKelvey (died December 8, 1922) was an Irish Republican Army officer who was executed during the Irish Civil War in 1922.
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[edit] Background
McKelvey was born in Belfast. He came from an Irish nationalist background and had a keen interest in Gaelic Athletic Association and the Irish language. He studied as an accountant and gained some of the qualifications necessary for this profession, but never fully qualified. He worked for a time at the Income Tax Office on Queen's Square in Belfast and later found work at Belfast's shipyards with Mackies on the Springfield road. He joined the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Volunteers, which after 1919, became the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
[edit] War of Independence
McKelvey participated in the Irish War of Independence 1919-1921 against the British, in which he commanded the IRA's Belfast Brigade. In April of 1920, he and other Volunteers burned the Income Tax office in Belfast where he had previously worked. In July 1920, during a wave of violence in the wake of the IRA assassination of a northern Police inspector (Gerard Smyth) in Cork, McKelvey was expelled from his job by loyalist intimidation. Roughly 7000 other Catholics and politcal activists also lost their jobs in theis manner at the time. Many of the unemployed and vengeful Catholics were later recruited into the IRA, McKelvey later wrote to the IRA leadership that 75% of his volunteers were unemployed [1]. On August 22, 1920, Joe McKelvey helped to organise the killing of RIC Detective Oswald Swanzy in Lisburn. The killing itself was carried out by IRA men from Cork, but McKelvey arranged a taxi to carry the assassins to and from the scene and disposed of their weapons. In reprisal for this shooting, 300 Catholic homes in Lisburn were burned out [2]. McKelvey was forced to lie low in Dublin for some time after these events.
In March 1921, the IRA was re-organised by its leadership in Dublin into Divisions and McKelvey was appointed commander of the Third Northern Division, responsible for Belfast and the surrounding area. He was criticised by some of the younger, more radical Volunteers in the IRA Belfast Brigade, led by Roger McCorley for being reluctant to sanction the killing of Police and British Army personel in Belfast. McKelvey feared (and was proved correct) that such actions would provoke retaliatory attacks on the Catholic and Irish nationalist community by loyalists. Nevertheless, he was unable to control some of his younger volunteers, who formed an "active service unit" on their own initiative and killed Police and soldiers on a regular basis. When such attacks occurred, loyalists, generally supported by the Ulster Special Constabulary, attacked Catholic areas in reprisal. The IRA was then forced to try to defend Catholic areas and McKelvey feared that the organisation was being drawn into sectarian conflict as opposed to what he saw as the "real" struggle for Irish independence. In May 1921, McKelvey's command suffered a severe setback, when fifty of his best men were sent to County Cavan to train and link up with the IRA units there, only to be surrounded and captured by the British Army on Lapinduff mountain on May 9.
In most of Ireland, hostilities were ended with a truce declared on July 11, 1921. However, in the north and particularly in Belfast, violence intensified over the following year. McKelvey wrote to IRA GHQ at this time that his command was very short of both arms and money. In March 1922, many of his papers, detailing the names and units of the roughly 1000 IRA members in Belfast were captured by the B-Specials Police in a raid on St Mary's Hall in Belfast.
[edit] Civil War
McKelvey was alone among the leadership of the Belfast IRA in going against the acceptance of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Most of his comrades supported Michael Collins' assurances that, although the Treaty accepted the partition of Northern Ireland from the rest of the country, this was only a temporary tactic to ensure the evacuation of British troops from most of Ireland. McKelvey did not accept this. As a result he left his command as head of the IRA Third Northern Division to join anti-treaty IRA forces in Dublin.
McKelvey, participated in the Anti-Treaty IRA's repudiation of the authority of the Dail (civil government of the Irish Republic delcared in 1919) in March 1922 and was elected to the IRA Army Executive. In April 1922 he helped lead the occupation of the Four Courts in Dublin in defiance of the Provisional Government, set up to hand over power from the British to the Irish Free State. This action helped to spark the Irish Civil War, between pro and anti Treaty factions. McKelvey was among the most hardline of the anti-Treaty republicans and briefly, in June 1922, became IRA Chief of Staff, replacing Liam Lynch.
On June 28, 1922, the new Irish Free State government attacked the Four Courts in order to assert its authority over the anti Treaty militants there. The Republicans in the Four Courts surrendered after two days of fighting and McKelvey was captured. He was held for the following five months in Mountjoy Prison in Dublin.
[edit] Execution
On December 8, 1922, Joe McKelvey was executed along with three other Republican leaders, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows and Richard Barrett by the Free State in revenge for the IRA's killing of member of Parliament Sean Hales. McKelvey, because of his anti-treaty stance and execution at the hands of the Free State is still honoured by hardline Irish Republicans today. (See also Executions during the Irish Civil War).
