Jerusalem cricket

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Jerusalem cricket

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Orthoptera
Family:	Stenopelmatidae
Genus:	Stenopelmatus

Species

Stenopelmatus coahuilensis
Stenopelmatus fuscus
Stenopelmatus intermedius
Stenopelmatus longispina
Stenopelmatus mescaleroensis
Stenopelmatus navajo
Stenopelmatus nigrocapitatus
Stenopelmatus pictus
plus numerous unnamed species (>30)

Jerusalem crickets (genus Stenopelmatus) are a group of large, flightless insects native to western United States, along the Pacific Coast, and south into Mexico. Because of their large, human-like head, they are commonly called niño de la tierra (Spanish for "child of the earth"), Earth baby, cara de niño (Spanish for "child's face"), or wó see ts'inii (Navajo for "skull insect"). They are also often called potato bugs, or alternatively the old bald-headed man.

Despite their name, Jerusalem crickets are not true crickets. Also, they are neither true bugs nor do they prefer potatoes for food. Rather, the nocturnal insects use their strong mandibles to feed primarily on dead organic materials found near garden plants. They can also use their highly adapted feet for burrowing beneath moist soil to feed on decaying root plants and tubers.

Similar to true crickets, each species of Jerusalem cricket produces a different song during mating, but this "song" takes the form of a characteristic drumming in which the insect beats its abdomen against the ground.

1 Classification
2 Common Myths
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Classification

There are a few other genera in the family Stenopelmatidae, that occur in other parts of the world, but these are very similar to Stenopelmatus in most respects.

[edit] Common Myths

As is true for other large, "ugly" arthropods (e.g. solpugids), there are a number of folk tales regarding Jerusalem crickets which are simply untrue; first and foremost, they are not venomous. However, they can emit a foul smell and are capable of inflicting a painful bite - but neither is lethal, as some of the tales would suggest. They also do not cry like children, nor rub their legs together to make sounds. Most species have no sound-producing structures, and evidently none have structures they could use to hear audible sound^[1]^[2] (true crickets use their wings to produce sounds, but Stenopelmatus lack wings, and crickets and katydids have membranous "ears" they use to hear) - they do not even seem to be able to hiss by forcing air through their spiracles, as some beetles and cockroaches do. Instead, the few Jerusalem crickets which do make audible sound rub their hind legs against the sides of the abdomen, which produces a rasping, "hissing" noise^[3]; this rasping noise appears to be designed to frighten predators, rather than being used in communication between the crickets themselves. For such purposes, Jerusalem crickets apparently rely exclusively on substrate vibrations, which are felt rather than heard.

[edit] References

^ L. Desutter-Grandcolas (2003) Phylogeny and the evolution of acoustic communication in extant Ensifera (Insecta, Orthoptera). Zoologica Scripta 32 (6), 525–561. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00142.x
^ Robinson, David J. and Hall, Marion J. (2002) Sound Signalling in Orthoptera. In: Evans, Peter, ed(s). Advances in Insect Physiology. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 151-278. ISBN 0-12-024229-X & 978-0-12-024229-0
^ Weissman, D. B. (2001). In ‘The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies’ (ed. L. H. Field), Communication and reproductive behaviour in North American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae), pp. 351-375. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK