Jean Chalgrin
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Jean-François-Thérèse Chalgrin (1739 – January 21, 1811) was a French architect, best known for his design for the Arc de Triomphe, Paris.
His neoclassic orientation was established from his early studies with the prophet of neoclassicism Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni and with the radical classicist Étienne-Louis Boullée in Paris and through his Prix de Rome sojourn (November 1759—May 1763) as a pensionnaire of the French Academy in Rome. His time in Rome coincided with a fervent new interest in Classicism among the young French pensionnaires, under the influences of Piranesi and the publications of Winckelmann.
Returning to Paris, he was quickly given an appointment as an inspector of public works for the city of Paris, under the architect Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux, whose own time at the French Academy in Rome had predisposed him to the new style. In this official capacity he oversaw the construction of Ange-Jacques Gabriel's Hôtel Saint-Florentin in the rue Saint-Florentin, where Chalgrin was able to design the neoclassical gateway to the cour d'honneur.
In 1764 (Eriksen 1974) he presented his uncompromisingly neoclassical plans for the Church of St. Philippe-du-Roule (illustration; constructed 1774-1784); its colossal Ionic order of columns, which separated the barrel-vaulted nave from the lower, barrel-vaulted aisles, was carried around the apse without a break. In this church, which was built 1772-84, he revived a basilica plan that had not been characteristic of French ecclesiastical architecture since the sixteenth century.
In 1775 he was appointed First Architect to the comte de Provence, brother of Louis XVI; he designed the pavilion of the comtesse de Provence at Versailles. In 1779 he was appointed overseer of the building projects of another brother of the king, the comte d'Artois.
In 1777 Chalgrin partly remodelled the interior of Church of Saint-Sulpice, which had been given a thoroughly neoclassical façade by Chalgrin's former master Servandoni over forty years before.
After the Revolution Chalgrin extended the Collège de France and made alterations in the Palais du Luxembourg to suit it to its new use as the seat of the Directoire.
The Arc de Triomphe was commissioned by Napoleon to commemorate the victorious armies of the Empire. The project was under way when Chalgrin died.
Chalgrin married Émilie, a daughter of the painter Joseph Vernet. They had one son.
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[edit] Major works
- 1767-1769: Hôtel Saint-Florentin (later the Hôtel Talleyrand-Périgord), for the comtesse de Saint-Florentin (Paris, 2 rue Saint-Florentin)
- 1767-1770: Hôtel de Mademoiselle de Luzy (Paris, rue Férou)
- 1774-1780: Additions to the Collège de France (Paris, rue des Écoles )
- finished 1775: Construction of Claude Nicolas Ledoux's designs for dwellings at Versailles for Madame du Barry and the comtesse de Provence
- 1777-1780: Restoration of the façade and rebuilding the north tower of Saint-Sulpice (Paris)
- ????-1778: Hunting lodge, "Rendez-vous de chasse de la Faisanderie" for the comtesse de Provence (Étiolles, Département Essonne),
- ????-1778: Chapelle du Saint-Esprit (Paris, rue Lhomond)
- ????-1780: Music pavilion for the comtesse de Provence (Versailles, 111 avenue de Paris)
- 1774-1784: ÉKircheglise de St. Philippe-du-Roule (Paris)
- finished 1785: Pavilion and jardin à l'anglaise "Parc Balbi" (Versailles, destroyed 1798)
- 1799-1805: Works at Palais du Luxembourg, the grand staircase and the "Salon des Messagers d'État" (Paris)
- 1806-1811: Arc de Triomphe, Place de l'Étoile (Paris)
- finished 1807: Restoration of the Théâtre de l'Odéon (Paris)
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France (London: Faber & Faber), 1974. Chalgrin's biography p 163.
[edit] Further reading
- Louis Hautcoeur, Histore de l'architecture classique en France, vol. IV second moitié du XVIIIe siècle (Paris) 1952. pp 212-19.
- Michel Gallet, Demeures parisiennes, époque Louis XVI (Paris) 1964. p. 177.
