Jean-Louis Gassée

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Jean-Louis Gassée (born March 1944 in Paris, France) was an executive at Apple Computer from 1981 to 1990. He is most famous for founding Be Inc., creators of the BeOS computer operating system. After leaving BeOS, he became Chairman of PalmSource, Inc. in November, 2004.

1 Career
2 A witness of his times
3 References
4 External links

[edit] Career

[edit] 1980s: Apple Computer

Gassée worked for Hewlett Packard before becoming head of Apple France. Later, Apple's CEO John Sculley personally appointed Gassée to Steve Jobs' old position as head of Macintosh development. Gassée introduced several Macintosh products on-stage in the late 80s including the Macintosh Portable in 1989, and also the Macintosh IIfx. In his product introductions, he was often very comical.

When the idea of licensing the Mac OS for other companies use was brought up by various members of Apple, Jean-Louis refused to give in to the idea, maintaining that the Macintosh was more powerful than any other computer at the present, and had a superior architecture roadmap for down the road than any other computer. Although the interest of many companies was gauged (such as AT&T, for the use of the OS in their own equipment; they were so interested in this idea that the then-CEO of AT&T made a personal phone call to Sculley), Gassée would have none of it, and so the idea of licensing the Mac OS was shelved.

In 1988, Gassée became head of Apple's advanced product development and worldwide marketing, and rumors of his taking over as president of Apple from Sculley were circling. However, in 1990 he left Apple, forced out by Sculley and Apple board members dissatisfied with his performance in delivering new products.

[edit] 1991—2002: Be Incorporated

Gassée's company, Be, developed the BeBox computer.

In 1991 Gassée started a new venture, Be Inc., with the ambitious goal of creating an entire new computer platform, hardware and software, from the ground up. A number of Apple employees left with him, including Steve Sakoman, the developer of the Apple Newton. Be developed a new operating system, optimized for multiple CPUs and multithreaded applications, which became known simply as "the Be Operating system," or BeOS.

BeOS was written for Be's own dual-processor machine, the BeBox; later development releases of BeOS were ported to run on the Macintosh, and Macintosh clone makers, including Power Computing and Motorola, signed deals to ship BeOS with their hardware when the OS was finalized. In light of this, Be stopped production on the BeBox after selling only around 2000 units, and focused entirely on development of BeOS.

In 1996, Apple Computer decided to abandon Copland, the project to rewrite and modernize the Macintosh operating system. BeOS had many of the features Apple sought, and they offered to buy Be for $120 million, later raising its bid to $200 million, but--despite estimates of Be's total worth at approximately $80 million--Gassée held out for $400 million, which Apple refused to meet. Apple went on to purchase NeXT, the company their former CEO Steve Jobs had earlier left Apple to found. NeXTSTEP was used as the basis for their new operating system, Mac OS X.

After the return of Jobs, Apple withdrew the license to make Macintosh clones. With Intel's assistance, BeOS was ported to the x86 platform. While it arguably never grew past a "cult following," it sold enough copies to have a nascent development and user community, and had several thousand programs available for it, including several dozen commercial products. BeOS was also used as an embedded operating system in multimedia production systems from Edirol, TEAC and Level Control Systems. However, Be was not successful in getting top-tier OEMs to bundle BeOS with their hardware - only Hitachi and AST (who were major in Europe at the time) did so - which Gassée saw as fundamental to their success.

At the end of 1999, Be had a "focus shift," giving their desktop OS away for free (with commercial distributions sold by third-party vendors, similar to Linux distributions) to focus on BeIA, a build of BeOS specifically targeted to internet appliances. While there was vendor interest in BeIA and at least one shipping product based on it (the Sony eVilla), the market for internet appliances proved to be nearly non-existent, and Be laid off most of its employees in 2001, with its assets and the remaining engineers being bought by Palm, Inc. for $11 million that August. Gassée stayed on through that transition, but left in January 2002.

[edit] 2002—Present: After Be, Inc.

After leaving Be, Gassée served as president and CEO of Computer Access Technology Corporation (CATC), a company which made network protocol analyzers, but left within a year. (CATC was purchased in fall 2004 by LeCroy Corporation, a competitor.) Gassée resurfaced as a general partner at Allegis Capital, a venture capital fund based in Palo Alto, California.

In November 2004, Gassée became chairman of PalmSource, Inc., where several former Be executives and engineers still worked. BeOS technology was being worked on for use in Palm OS "Cobalt" (Version 6), but as of February 2006, there are no major customers—including Palm, Inc. itself—who have committed to using the Cobalt release.

In March 2006, he started writing a blog (in French) called Le blog de Jean-Louis Gassée (or, in English: Jean-Louis Gassée's Blog).

He was recently seen at a Google Tech Talk in February of 2007.

[edit] A witness of his times

Jean-Louis Gassée in an interview with Amazing Computing magazine candidly admitted that in 1985:

"When the Amiga came out, everyone [at Apple] was scared as hell." (Amazing Computing, November 1996).

This phrase it is a strong testimony of the situation of the eighties from the privileged point of view of Gassée at Apple. In those times the situation of information technology was very fluid and the competition amongst various platforms was fierce. The computer was still represented by 8-bit platforms such as Commodore C64. Intel ruled productivity business and begun to be present in any offices with the IBM PC XT compatible platforms based on its 16-bit 8088 processor. The launch of 16/32-bit hybrid systems based on Motorola 68000 processor such as Macintosh, Atari ST and Amiga created a true revolution of the market and lead the first step to let computers evolve into multimedia systems. Windows was far away, and certainly no one could have imagined that the Microsoft GUI for MS-DOS would be transformed into a complete OS and then be bundled with almost every X86 computer conquering nearly 90 percent of the market. Unix was just for universities, big factories and the military, and an OS like GNU/Linux could be considered just a dream. In 1985 at Apple they had a clear view of the situation and they knew that the market was evolving. The coming of a formidable competitor such as Amiga 1000 with 12-bit palette all visible on screen with a 320x256 HAM 4096 color resolution and a maximum of 640x512 x 4 color resolution (720x576 in overscan mode), 8-bit x 4 audio channels, preemptive multitasking OS, and DMA capable custom chipset versus the Mac with only a monochrome 512x342 resolution let Apple employees sense that they could have been wiped out from the market. It was a lucid understanding of the situation because any platform in those times could became a leader, conquer the market and establish its standards, being recognized as a worldwide leader. Apple eventually survived and became a real competitor for Windows, while the Amiga was relegated to a very small niche of the market. The candidly honest words from Gassée are a mirror of the situation of the market of eighties, with all its commercial wars, when the history of personal computing was in its early second age in a world not yet dominated by omnipresent Windows systems.