Japanese units of measurement
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Shakkan-hō (尺貫法?) is the traditional Japanese system of measurement. The name shakkanhō originates from the name of two of the units, the shaku, a length measurement, and the kan, a mass measurement.
The system is Chinese in origin. The units originated in the Shang Dynasty in the 13th century BC, and eventually stabilized in the Zhou Dynasty in the 10th century BC and spread from there to Japan, South East Asia, and Korea. The units of the Tang Dynasty were officially adopted in Japan in 701, and the current shaku measurement has hardly altered since then. Many Taiwanese units of measurement are derived form the shakkanhō system.
From 1924, the shakkanhō system was replaced by the metric system, and use of the old units for official purposes was forbidden after the 31st of March 1966. However, in several instances the old system is still used. In carpentry and agriculture use of the old fashioned terms is common. Japanese chisels are manufactured in sizes of sun and bu. Modern Japanese bathrooms are built in sizes which are fractions of a tsubo, usually either 3/4, 1, or 1 1/4 of a tsubo and land is sold on the basis of price in tsubo. The 2005 Japanese census allowed people to give the area of their houses in either square metres or tsubo.
There are several different versions of the shakkanhō. The tables below show the one in common use in the Edo period.
Contents |
[edit] Length
The basis of the shakkanhō length measurements is the shaku, which originated in ancient China. The other units are all fixed fractions or multiples of this basic unit. The shaku was originally the length from the thumb to the middle finger (about 18 cm, or 7 inches), but its length, and hence the length of the other units, gradually increased, since the length of the unit was related to the level of taxation.
Various different shaku developed for various purposes. The unit now most widely recognized as a shaku in Japan is the kanejaku (曲尺?), shaku, the system shown in the table below. Kanejaku means "carpenter's square", and this shaku was the one used by Japanese carpenters. The carpenter's shaku, used for construction, preserved the original Chinese shaku measure, because it was never interfered with, whereas the other shaku systems, which were used for taxation or trade, were interfered with in order to increase taxation, and hence gradually varied from the original value.
The kujirajaku (鯨尺?), literally "whale shaku", was a standard used in the clothing industry. The name "whale shaku" comes from the measuring rulers used, which were made from baleen. A kujirajaku is 1 1/4 the length of a kanejaku.
As well as the kanejaku and kujirajaku system, various other shaku systems also exist, for example the gofukujaku (呉服尺), where gofuku means traditional Japanese clothes, such as kimonos. In the gofukujaku system, one shaku is equal to 1.2 times the kanejaku's shaku.
In 1891, the lengths of the two most common shaku were defined in terms of the metric system:
| 1891 definitions | Kanji | Metric value | English equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 jō | 丈 | 100/33 m | ~119.3 in, or ~3.314 yards |
| 1 kanejaku | 曲尺 | 10/33 m | ~11.93 in, or ~0.994 feet |
| 1 kujirajaku | 鯨尺 | 25/66 m | ~14.9 in, or ~1.243 feet |
Shaku units are still used for construction materials in Japan. For example, plywood is usually manufactured in 182 cm × 91 cm (about 72 in × 36 in) sheets known in the trade as saburokuhan (３×６版?), or 3 × 6 shaku. Each sheet is about the size of one tatami mat. The thicknesses of the sheets, however, are usually measured in millimetres.
The names of these units also live on in the name of the bamboo flute shakuhachi (尺八?), literally "shaku eight", which is one shaku and eight sun in length, and the Japanese version of the Tom Thumb story, Issun Bōshi (一寸法師?), literally "one sun boy", as well as in many Japanese proverbs.
The Shōsōin in Nara has an ivory one-shaku ruler, the kōgebachiru-no-shaku (紅牙撥鏤尺?).
| Table of length units | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rōmaji | Kanji | Relative value |
Metric value |
English value |
Notes |
| mō | 毛, 毫 | 1/10 000 | ~30.3 μm | ~1.193 thou | |
| rin | 厘 | 1/1000 | ~0.303 mm | ~11.93 thou | |
| bu | 分 | 1/100 | ~3.030 mm | ~0.1193 in | |
| sun | 寸 | 1/10 | ~3.03 cm | ~1.193 in, or ~0.099 ft |
|
| shaku | 尺 | 1 | ~30.3 cm | ~0.994 feet | |
| ken | 間 | 6 | ~1.818 m | ~5.965 ft, or ~1.988 yards |
|
| hiro | 尋 | 6 | ~1.818 m | ~5.965 ft, or ~1.988 yards |
A unit of depth |
| jō | 丈 | 10 | ~3.03 m | ~3.314 yd | |
| chō | 町 | 360 | ~109.1 m | ~119.3 yd, or ~0.068 miles |
60 ken |
| ri | 里 | 12,960 | ~3.927 km | ~2.44 miles | 36 chō |
The smallest units, mō, rin, and bu, are actually the names of fractions, 1/1000, 1/100, and 1/10, respectively, which are also used as fractional units.
[edit] Area
The tsubo, which is essentially the area of two tatami mats, is still commonly used in discussing land pricing in Japan. The larger units are also commonly used by Japanese farmers for discussing the sizes of fields, perhaps because most farmers in Japan are members of the older generation.
| Table of area units | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rōmaji | Kanji | Relative value |
Metric value |
Imperial value |
Notes |
| 1 shaku | 勺 | 1/100 | ~330.6 cm² | ~51.24 sq in, or ~0.3558 sq ft |
|
| 1 gō | 合 | 1/10 | ~0.3306 m² | ~3.558 sq ft, or ~0.3954 sq yd |
|
| 1 jō | 畳 | 1/2 | ~1.653 m² | ~17.79 sq ft, or ~1.979 sq yd |
Used in quoting room sizes, tatami, etc. |
| 1 tsubo | 坪 | 1 | ~3.306 m² | ~35.58 sq ft, or ~3.954 sq yd |
1 square ken. Used in construction etc. |
| 1 bu | 歩 | 1 | ~3.306 m² | ~35.58 sq ft, or ~3.954 sq yd |
1 square ken. Used in agriculture. |
| 1 se | 畝 | 30 | ~99.17 m² | ~118.6 sq yd | |
| 1 tan | 段, 反 | 300 | ~991.7 m² | ~1186 sq yd, or ~0.2451 acres |
|
| 1 chō or chōbu | 町 | 3000 | ~9917 m² | ~2.451 acres | |
[edit] Volume
1891 definition
shō = exactly 2401/1331 litre (l) = about 64.827 sun³
These old-fashioned units are still used, for example, in sake production.
| Table of volume units | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rōmaji | Kanji | Relative value |
Metric value |
U.S. value |
Imperial value |
Notes |
| sai | 才 | 1/1000 | ~1.804 ml | ~0.061 fl oz | ~0.06349 fl oz | |
| shaku | 勺 | 1/100 | ~18.04 ml | ~0.61 fl oz | ~0.6349 fl oz | |
| gō | 合 | 1/10 | ~180.4 ml | ~6.1 fl oz, or ~0.3812 pints |
~6.349 fl oz, or ~0.3174 pt |
A common size of a serving of sake. |
| shō | 升 | 1 | ~1.804 L | ~3.812 pt, or ~0.4765 U.S. gal |
~3.174 pt, or ~0.3968 gal |
A common size for sake bottles. Exactly 2401/1331 litres. |
| to | 斗 | 10 | ~18.04 L | ~4.765 U.S. gal | ~3.968 gal | |
| koku | 石 | 100 | ~180.4 L | ~47.65 (liq.) gal, or ~40.95 (dry) gal |
~39.68 gal | Originally a volume of rice eaten in one year. |
[edit] Mass
1891 definition
1 momme = 15/4 gram (g)
The Japanese unit of mass, momme, is a recognized unit in the international pearl industry.
| Table of units of mass | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rōmaji | Kanji | Relative value |
Metric value |
Imperial value |
Notes |
| 1 fun | 分 | 1/10 | 375 mg | ~0.2116 drams | |
| 1 momme | 匁 | 1 | 3.75 g | ~2.116 dr, or ~0.1323 oz |
|
| hyakume | 百目 | 100 | 375 g | ~13.23 oz, or ~0.8267 lb |
Hyakume means "100 me" |
| 1 kin | 斤 | 160 | 600 g | ~1.323 lb | |
| 1 kan or kanme | 貫, 貫目 | 1000 | 3.75 kg | ~8.267 lb | |
[edit] Money
The names of old money live on in Japanese proverbs such as haya oki wa san mon no toku, literally "Waking early gets you three mon", in other words "Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise."
| Table of money units | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unit | Kanji | Equivalent to |
| 1 mon | 文 | |
| 1 hiki | 10 mon | |
| 1 kanmon | 貫文 | 100 hiki |
[edit] Other Japanese units
Apart from shakkanhō and the metric system, other units are also commonly used in Japan. The most common unit found is the inch. Inches are used in the following:
- Japanese bicycles are based on a British system, and the tyre sizes are measured in inches rather than centimetres.
- Inch sizes are commonly used in the computer industry for the sizes of parts, connectors, and semiconductor wafers.
- Inches and feet are used for the width and length of magnetic tape.
- Inches are used for the size of television screens. Because inches are not a legally recognized unit in Japan, instead of writing the word "inch", Japanese companies substitute "-gata" (型). Thus, a television with a 17 in diagonal measure is described as 17型.
- The sizes of photographic prints are based on the inch, though rounded to the nearest millimetre.
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Japanese units (Japanese)
- Japanese carpenter's square at the Takenaka carpentry tools museum.
