Janggu
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Janggu | |
|---|---|
| Hangul: |
장고 or 장구
|
| Hanja: | |
| Revised Romanization: | Janggo or Janggu |
| McCune-Reischauer: | Changgo or Changgu |
The janggu (or janggo; also spelled changgo) is the most widely used percussion instrument in most kinds of Korean traditional music. It is made from a hollow, hourglass-shaped wooden body and two skin heads. The two heads produce sounds of different pitch and timbre, which then played together represent the harmony of man and woman.
The oldest historical record about this hourglass drum can be traced to the reign of King Munjong (1047-1084) of Goryeo. This instrument has been found both in a mural painting of Goguryeo tomb and in the bell inscriptions belonging to the Silla period. Whereas the Buk is used to accompany vocal music such a Pansori, the janggu is usually classified as an accompanying instrument because of its flexible nature and its agility with complex rhythm.
The janggu is one of the leather percussion instruments consisting of an hour-glass shaped body with two heads (hides or skins) lapped onto metal hoops placed over the open ends of the body and secured by counter-hoops. It goes by the name either janggu or janggo, also sometimes called seyogo (slim waist drum) because of the large heads and its slim waist.
The left head (buk side) is covered with a thick cowhide, horsehide, or deer skin and produces deep and low tones. The right side (chae side) is usually covered with a lighter horsehide and produces higher tones. Either porcelain, tile, metal, wood, guard, or tinned sheet can be used to make the body. Popular choices are poplar and paulownia woods. However, paulownia is most popular because it is the lightest and the best resonating material that produces beautiful sounds.
The round tube in the middle connecting the left and right side of the hour-glass shaped body is called Jorongmok. The size of the Jorongmok determines the quality of tone: the wider the tube, the deeper and huskier it sounds; the narrower the tube, the harder and snappier it sounds.
Smaller in size than the janggu, now in use, is called yogo (literally "knee drum"). We presume it was India where yogo was originated and during the Silla period that the yogo was introduced into Korea, as was evident from the mural paintings in the tomb of Jipanhyun of Goguryeo, and from the pictures at the Gameun Temple, the Relics of Buddha, made of bronze metal in the second year of King Mun (682) during the Unified Silla. We presume that it was during the Goryeo that the size of the Jangguo had grown to present day standard.
There are two kinds of sticks (called chae): gungchae and yeolchae. Gungchae is made from a bamboo root, boiled and straightened out. A hardwood, such as birch, or antler bone is fitted onto the end of the stick. Yeolchae is made from a bamboo stick.
Since the performer can use his/her hands as well as sticks, various sounds and tempo, deep and full, soft and tender, menacing sounds, and fast and slow beats - can be created to suit the mood of the audience. Using this capability, a dexterous performer can dance along moving his/her shoulders up and down and make the audience carried away and dance along with him/her. The way performers carry the Janggu differ from person to person, from region to region and varies depending on his/her taste.
