Jandar
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Jander or Jandar(Murree and surrounding areas local language name for water mill) is a Hydro-Mechanical floor mills that were erected in mountain areas of Murree Hills where water is abundant. Jander were very common during the barter economy era but now Diesel and Electric mills have replaced them due to their efficiency and easy access, their ability to run the whole year round not being dependant on seasonal rains, and lastly, them being more accessible than Jandars which had to be located on the banks of running streams (KHUDDS, KASS etc. in Urdu) some distance away from the population. Some jandars can still be seen operating in the foothills of Murree Hills. The local tribes of Murree Hills like Dhanyal, Abbasi and Satti were the main beneficiary of these traditional mills which were run by the technical people out of which the names of some renowned men were Molvi Hidayat, and Molvi Younas and their relatives are included. [[[Tourists]]] must visit these places when they plan to visit [[[Murree]]] for vacations and see how the Hill people managed thier lives.
[edit] Parts
A Jander consists of three main parts
1. Fan (Water from an elevated point whirls the fan.)
2. Mill Stones (Two large wheel like structures that can rotated on a axel and weight up to a ton. Fan rotate these millstones)
3. Cone. (Cone used for putting grains between two millstones for grinding.)
[edit] Working
A Jander work as follow:
Water is stored at an elevated small dam like collection point .Typically, water is diverted from a large stream or mill pond to water wheel, along a channel or pipe (variously known as a flume, head race).The Potential energy of the water's movement drives the blades of a wheel and convert it to Mechanical energy, which in turn rotates an axle that drives the Jander mill stones. Water leaving the wheel is drained through a tail race. The passage of water is controlled by gates that allow maintenance and some measure of flood control;
The interior of a functional water mill:
Jander can be divided into two kinds, one with a horizontal water wheel on a vertical axle, and the other with a vertical wheel on a horizontal axle. The oldest of these were horizontal Janders in which the force of the water, striking a simple paddle wheel set horizontally in line with the flow turned a runner stone balanced on the rind which is atop a shaft leading directly up from the wheel. The bed stone does not turn. The problem with this type of mill arose from the lack of gearing; the speed of the water directly set the maximum speed of the runner stone which, in turn, set the rate of milling
