James Stephens (trade unionist)
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James Stephens (born Chepstow, Wales, 1821; died Melbourne, Australia, 1889) was a stonemason, Chartist, and Australian trade unionist.
As a youth he moved to Newport, a stronghold of Chartism, joined the Masons' Society in 1839 and that year was seriously injured in a fall of thirty feet. He joined the Chartist movement and was one of the participants in the riot at the Westgate Hotel when soldiers fired on the rebels, killing twenty. He was 'severely handled' but escaped to London. He worked as a mason at Windsor Castle but was dismissed when it became known that he was a Chartist. Working on the new houses of Parliament he found himself among like-minded people. He was still active in Chartism but like many other supporters of the cause, increasingly directed his energies to craft unionism. He became a prominent leader of the masons, acquiring a wide experience as a union organiser.
When the Australian gold rush created an enormous demand for tradesmen, Stephens, like many other Chartists, migrated to Victoria and arrived in 1853. In February 1855 the Operative Masons' Society, which had been suspended, was resuscitated, and, with James Galloway, he formed a local branch. This meeting is seen as the genesis of the "eight-hour day movement". Stephens, using the language of the Chartists, proposed to persuade the recalcitrant by 'physical force' if necessary and to coerce the non-unionists; but a meeting of employers and operatives resolved that the eight-hour day must come into force in April 1856. On the 'glorious 21st of April' he led a major demonstration, and wrote: 'It was a burning hot day and I thought the occasion a good one, so I called upon the men to follow me, to which they immediately consented, when I marched them … to Parliament House, the men … dropping their tools and joining the procession'.
He remained an active trade unionist for a while, but later claimed that he was victimised for sub-contracting, of which the unions disapproved. He died in poverty in 1889.
