James Paris Lee

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James Paris Lee (August 9, 1831 – February 24, 1904) was a Scottish-Canadian - American inventor and arms designer, best known for inventing the bolt action that led to the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series of rifles.

Born in Hawick, Scotland the Lee family emigrated to Cambridge, Ontario in Canada c.1835 when James was 4.

He built his first gun at the age of 12, using an old horse-pistol barrel, a newly carved walnut stock, and a priming pan made from a halfpenny. The gun failed to function effectively when first fired, but started Lee's interest in gunsmithing and invention.

In 1858, James Lee and his wife Caroline Lee (nee Chrysler, of the later automotive family) moved to Wisconsin, where they had two sons- William (born in 1859) and George (1860).

In 1861, Lee successfully developed a breechloading cartridge conversion for the Springfield Model 1861 Rifled Musket, managing to acquire a contract for 1,000 rifles from the US Army during the American Civil War.

The Lee Model 1879 rifle was his first successful magazine-fed rifle, which was adopted by China and the US Navy, and a later version- the Remington-Lee M1895- was also adopted militarily and sold commercially.

His bolt and magazine design was investigated by the British and in 1889, after extensive trials and tests, the British Army decided to adopt the Magazine Lee-Metford as a standard issue arm. This in turn developed into the Magazine Lee-Enfield, or SMLE the British service arm for many decades.

James Paris Lee died in New York on February 24th, 1904, having lived to see his rifle in service throughout several Colonial conflicts and the Boer War- yet no doubt completely unaware that his contribution would still be in official service over 100 years later.