Jailhouse rock
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- For the Elvis Presley film, see Jailhouse Rock (1957 film).
Jailhouse rock or JHR is a name which is used to describe a collection of different fighting styles that are alleged to have been practiced and/or developed within urban street gang culture and US penal institutions.
The different regional “styles” of JHR seem to vary greatly, with a common emphasis on improvisation governed by a specific set of underlying principles.
Some examples of the many styles of JHR are 52 Hand Blocks, Comstock Style, San Quentin style, Mount Meg, 42nd and Closing Gates. Many of these styles of JHR are thought to have evolved regionally in different penal institutions.
Most sources agree that these idiosyncratic variations of street fighting do not comprise a fully codified martial art, but should be considered as "street skills" comparable with other semi-codified urban skills and activities such as skateboarding, parkour and breakdancing. As such, Jailhouse Rock, the 52 Hand Blocks and their variants may be compared to the martial arts of capoeira and savate, both of which were originally semi-codified fighting methods associated with urban criminal subcultures, which underwent a gradual process of codification before becoming established as martial arts accessible by the cultural mainstream.
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[edit] Existential controversy
Between approximately 1988-2003, the existence of this martial art was hotly debated, but near-mainstream media exposure, including a magazine article available in scanned form at Stickgrappler.tripod.com[1], have contributed towards verifying the existence of Jailhouse rock. According to researcher Doug Century, professional boxers including Zab Judah and Mike Tyson have testified to the existence of the style http://stickgrappler.tripod.com/52/52jhr.html and it is referred to in rap songs by artists including the Wu Tang Clan. Tales of the pugilistic exploits of legendary 1970's New York prison fighter, "Mother Dear", have also contributed to the extensive urban mythology surrounding this sytem.
The 52 Hand Blocks aspect of JHR is featured in a true crime book called Street Kingdom, published in 2002 and written by Douglas Century and is also detailed in the essay "Freeing the Afrikan Mind: the Role of Martial Arts in Contemporary African American Cultural Nationalism" by Professor Tom Green of Texas A&M University.
The name 52 may be a reference to the playing card games of 52 Pickup and to the expression "let the cards fall where they may." Other theories relate the name to a combat training game involving the use of playing cards and/or to the Supreme Mathematics of the Nation of Gods and Earths.
[edit] Origin theories
According to some researchers and practitioners, JHR is an indigenous African American fighting art that has its origins in the 17th and 18th centuries, when slaves were first institutionalized and needed to defend themselves. Oral tradition has the skill evolving secretly within the U.S. penal system, with regional styles reflecting the physical realities of specific institutions. This theory relates JHR to the fusion of African and European/American bare-knuckle fist-fighting styles known as "cutting", which is said to have been practiced by champions such as Tom Molineaux, and also to the little-known African-American fighting skill known as "knocking and kicking", which is said to be practiced clandestinely in parts of the Southern US and on the Sea Islands.
Alternatively, other practitioners claim that JHR was not a product of penal institutions but rather an evolution of the many African martial arts or fighting games which were practiced by slaves, with different styles evolving separately in different penal institutions. According to this theory, Jailhouse Rock may be a modern American manifestation of the many African martial arts that were disseminated throughout the African diaspora, comparable to martial arts including Brazilian Capoeira, Cuban Mani, Martiniquese Ladja, and Eritrean Testa.
[edit] Evolution of the style
Although modern versions of JHR are alleged to exist (e.g. Bum Rush, particularly associated with Chicago), it appears that the original styles have become extinct in the current penal systems, particularly due to the increasing influence of modern boxing.
Boxer Floyd Patterson's "peek-a-boo" defense may illustrate the marriage between boxing and penal fighting arts, in that it was allegedly taught to him by convicts during his stay at the Coxsacki penal institution in New York, and later passed on to many other fighters by his trainer Cus D'Amato after he witnessed it's effectiveness at Patterson's hands.
A recent manifestation of Jail House Rock, referred to as "52 Hand Blocks" or "the 52s", is said to have originated in the gang neighbourhoods of Brooklyn and nearby boroughs of New York City during the late 1970s and early 1980s. This form is believed to have combined boxing with several other popular culture influences including fighting techniques inspired by or copied from martial arts films and "diss moves" (mocking actions) taken from the Brooklyn Rock or uprock style of breakdancing. A contemporary version of the 52 Blocks is reported to be practiced in New York area prisons including Rikers Island.
[edit] Popular culture
Elements of Jailhouse Rock may be seen in the final fight scene of the 1987 film Lethal Weapon, as taught to and choreographed for actors Mel Gibson and Gary Busey by Dennis Newsome.
The style was also featured in an issue of the Punisher comic book during the 1980s.
[edit] External links and references
- Group discussion of the martial art Also contains the previously mentioned scan of the magazine article about the martial art.
- http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/forum/showthread.php?t=39967
- "Testa: A Beautifully Brutal African Martial Art" by Ron Bruster, Inside Kung Fu magazine, October 1982.
- "Ghetto Blasters: Born in prison, raised in the 'hood, the deadly art of 52 Blocks is Brooklyn's baddest secret" by Douglas Century, Details magazine 19:9, pp 77-79, August 2001.
- Century, Doug: "Street Kingdom: Five Years Inside the Franklin Avenue Posse", 1998, Warner Books, Inc., ISBN-13: 978-0446522663
- Green, Thomas "Freeing the Afrikan Mind: the Role of Martial Arts in Contemporary African American Cultural Nationalism", essay featured in "Martial Arts in the Modern World", Praeger Publishers, 2003,
ISBN-10: 0275981533
