Jacques Ignace Hittorff
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Jacques Ignace Hittorff (Cologne, August 20, 1792 – March 25, 1867) was a German-born French architect who combined advanced structural use of new materials, notably cast iron, with conservative Beaux-Arts classicism in a career that spanned the decades from the Restauration to the Second Empire.
After serving an apprenticeship to a mason in his native town, he went in 1810 to Paris, and studied for some years at the Académie des beaux-arts working concurrently as a draughtsman for Charles Percier. At the Académie he was a favourite pupil of the government architect François-Joseph Bélanger, who employed him in the construction of one of the first cast-iron constructions in France, the cast-iron and glass dome of the grain market, Halle au Blé (1808–13); in 1814 Bélanger appointed him his principal inspector on construction sites. Succeeding Bélanger as government architect in 1818, he designed many important public and private buildings in Paris and also in the south of France. From 1819 to 1830 in collaboration with Jean-François-Joseph Lecointe he directed the royal fêtes and ceremonials, for which elaborate temporary structures were required, a post the two architects inherited from Bélanger.
After making architectural tours in Germany, England, Italy and Sicily, he published the result of his Sicilian observations in Architecture antique de la Sicile (3 vols, 1826-1830; revised, 1866-1867), and also in Architecture moderne de la Sicile (1826-1835).
One of his important discoveries was that colour had been employed in ancient Greek architecture, a subject which he especially discussed in Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs (1830) and in Restitution du temple d'Empédocle à Sélinonte (1851); and in accordance with the doctrines enunciated in these works he was in the habit of making colour an important feature in most of his architectural designs.
With Thomas Leverton Donaldson and Charles Robert Cockerell, Hittorff was also a member of the committee formed in 1836 to determine whether the Elgin Marbles and other Greek statuary in the British Museum had originally been coloured (see Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects for 1842).
His principal buildings are the church of St Vincent de Paul in the basilica style, which was constructed in partnership with Jean-Baptiste Lepère, 1830 – 1844, and the Cirque d'hiver also in Paris, which opened as the Cirque Napoléon in 1852. Its 20-sided polygon around an oval central ring or stage surrounded by steeply tiered seating, is covered by a polygonal roof with no central post to mar the sightlines.
Hittorff also designed the two fountains in the Place de la Concorde (1832–40), the Circus of the Empress, the Rotunda of the panoramas, the Gare du Nord (1861–63), many cafés and restaurants of the Champs-Élysées, the houses forming the circle round the Arc de Triomphe in Place de l'Etoile, besides many embellishments of the Bois de Boulogne and other places. In 1833 he was elected a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts.
A project that failed to please Napoleon III was Hittorff's proposal for the palais de l'Industrie to be constructed in 1853 to house the Exposition Universelle of 1855. On March 27 1852, the Prince-Président— soon to declare himself Emperor— decreed this exhibition in a hall to rival the Crystal Palace of the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Hittorff's solution, an immense hall of iron and glass, was too audacious, and the commission passed to other architects and a conservative compromise was effected (Zola 1876).
