Isabella II of Spain

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Isabella II Queen of Spain
Isabella II
Queen of Spain
Spanish Royalty
House of Bourbon
1833-present

Isabella II
Children
   Infante Ferdinand
   Isabella, Princess of Asturias
   Infanta Maria Christina
   Alfonso XII
   Maria de la Paz, Princess of Bavaria
   Eulalia, Duchess of Galliera
Alfonso XII
Children
   Maria de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias
   Teresa, Princess of Bavaria
   Alfonso XIII
   Infanta Maria de la Concepcion
   Infanta Maria del Pilar
   Infanta Maria de la Paz
   Infanta Marie Eulalia
   Infante Francis
Alfonso XIII
Children
   Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
   Jaime, Duke of Segovia
   Infanta Beatriz
   Infanta Maria Cristina
   Juan, Count of Barcelona
   Infante Gonzalo
Grandchildren
   Alfonso, Duke of Cadiz
   Gonzalo, Duke of Aquitaine
   Infanta Pilar
   Juan Carlos I
   Infanta Margarita
   Infante Alfonso
Great Grandchildren
   Luis Alfonso
Juan Carlos I
Children
   Elena, Duchess of Lugo
   Cristina, Duchess of Palma
   Felipe, Prince of Asturias
Grandchild
   Infanta Leonor
Edit

Isabella II (October 10, 1830April 10, 1904), Isabel II in Spanish, was Queen regnant of Spain ("Queen of the Spains" officially from August 13, 1836, Isabella II the "queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon,...")

She was born in Madrid, and was the eldest daughter of Ferdinand VII, king of Spain, and of his fourth wife, Maria Christina, a Neapolitan Bourbon and also the niece of Marie Antoinette. Maria became queen-regent on September 29, 1833, when her daughter Isabella, at the age of three years, was proclaimed queen on the death of the king.

Queen Isabella succeeded to the throne because Ferdinand VII induced the Cortes to assist him in setting aside the Salic law, which the Bourbons had introduced in the beginning of the 18th century, and to re-establish the older succession law of Spain. The brother of Ferdinand, Carlos, the first pretender, fought seven years, during the minority of Isabella, to dispute her title. Supporters of Carlos and his descendants were known as Carlists and the dispute over the succession was the subject of a number of Carlist Wars in the 19th century.

Isabella's rights were only maintained through the support of the army, the Cortes and the Liberals and Progressists, who at the same time established constitutional and parliamentary government, dissolved the religious orders, confiscated the property of the orders including the Jesuits, and attempted to restore order in finances. After the Carlist war the queen-regent, Christina, resigned to make way for Espartero, the most successful and most popular general of the Isabelline armies, who only remained regent two years.

He was turned out in 1843 by a military and political pronunciamiento led by Generals O'Donnell and Narvaez, who formed a cabinet, presided over by Joaquin Maria Lopez, and this government induced the Cortes to declare Isabella of age at thirteen. Three years later the Moderado party or Castilian Conservatives made their queen marry, at sixteen, her cousin, Prince Fernando I Francisco de Asis de Bourbon-Cadige (18221902), on the same day (October 10, 1846) her younger sister married the duke of Montpensier.

These marriages suited the views of France and Louis Philippe, who nearly quarrelled in consequence with Britain; but both matches were anything but happy. In fact, persistent rumor had it that few if any of the Spanish queen's children were conceived by her king-consort, a homosexual. The heir to the throne, who would eventually become Alfonso XII, for instance, was widely believed to be Isabella's child by a captain of the guard, Enrique Puig y Moltó.

Isabella had twelve children, but only four reached adulthood:

  • Eulalia de Asis de la Piedad (18641958), who married her cousin Antonio de Orléans y de Borbón, Infante of Spain and Duke of Galliera.

Queen Isabella reigned from 1843 to 1868, and that period was one long succession of palace intrigues, back-stairs and antechamber influences, barrack conspiracies, military pronunciamientos to further the ends of the political parties — Moderados who ruled from 1846 to 1854, Progressists from 1854 to 1856 Unión Liberal from 1856 to 1863; Moderados and Unión Liberals quickly succeeding each other and keeping out the Progressists so steadily that the seeds were sown which budded into the revolution of 1868.

Queen Isabella II often interfered in politics in a wayward, unscrupulous manner that made her very unpopular. She showed most favour to her reactionary generals and statesmen, to the Church and religious orders, and was constantly the tool of corrupt and profligate courtiers and favourites who gave her court a bad name. She went into exile at the end of September 1868, after her Moderado generals had made a slight show of resistance that was crushed at the battle of Alcolea by Marshals Serrano and Prim. Other events of Queen Isabella's reign were a war against Morocco, which ended in an advantageous treaty for Spain and some Morroccan cession of territory; the fruitless Chincha Islands War against Peru and Chile; and some progress in public works, especially railways and a slight improvement in commerce and finance.

After her exile in 1868, it helped create the Franco-Prussian war, as the Spanish found a possible candidate in Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. As Queen Isabella II was a Bourbon ( a member of the old French royalty ), it raised the possibility of a German sitting on the vacant Spanish throne, something the French under Napoleon III would never accept.

Isabella was induced to abdicate in Paris on June 25, 1870 in favour of her son, Alfonso XII, and the cause of the restoration was thus much furthered. She had separated from her husband in the previous March. She continued to live in France after the restoration in 1874. On the occasion of one of her visits to Madrid during Alfonso XII's reign she began to intrigue with the politicians of the capital, and was peremptorily requested to go abroad again. She resided in Paris for the rest of her life, seldom traveling abroad except for a small numbers of visits to her native Spain. During her exile she grew closer to her husband, with whom she maintained an ambiguous friendship until his death in 1902. The last days of her life were marked by her youngest daughter's matrimonial problems. She died on April 10, 1904 and is entombed in El Escorial.

[edit] Ancestors

Isabella's ancestors in three generations
Isabella II of Spain Father:
Ferdinand VII of Spain
Paternal Grandfather:
Charles IV of Spain
Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Charles III of Spain
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Maria Amalia of Saxony
Paternal Grandmother:
Maria Luisa of Parma
Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Philip, Duke of Parma
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Princess Louise-Élisabeth of France
Mother:
Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
Maternal Grandfather:
Francis I of the Two Sicilies
Maternal Great-Grandfather:
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Marie Caroline of Austria
Maternal Grandmother:
Maria Isabel of Spain
Maternal Great-grandfather:
Charles IV of Spain
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Maria Luisa of Parma

[edit] Titulary

In 1837, Spain developed legislatively into a constitutional monarchy. Before that date, the underage Isabella was yet known with the feudal-like centuries-old, symbolical long titulary "Doña Isabel II por la Gracia de Dios, Reina de Castilla, de Leon, de Aragon, de las Dos Sicilias, de Jerusalén, de Navarra, de Granada, de Toledo, de Valencia, de Galicia, de Mallorca, de Sevilla, de Cerdeña, de Córdoba, de Córcega, de Murcia, de Menorca, de Jaen, de los Algarbes, de Algeciras, de Gibraltar, de las Islas Canarias, de las Indias Orientales y Occidentales, Islas y Tierra firme del mar Océano; Archiduquesa de Austria; Duquesa de Borgoña, de Brabante y de Milan; Condesa de Aspurg, Flandes, Tirol y Barcelona; Señora de Vizcaya y de Molina &c. &c". At the change, a new format of the titulary was taken into use for Isabella: "By divine grace and the constitution, queen of the Spains" - "Doña Isabel II, por la gracia de Dios y la Constitución de la Monarquía española, Reina de las Españas".

This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

House of Bourbon
Born: [[10 October]] [[1830]]
Died: [[10 April]] [[1904]]
Preceded by
Ferdinand VII
Queen of Spain
18331868
with Maria Christina (18331840)
Baldomero Espartero (18401843)
nominally with Francis I, king-consort (18461868)
Succeeded by
Amadeus
Vacant
Title last held by
Prince Ferdinand
Princess of Asturias
1830-1833
Succeeded by
Princess Isabel