Inverse photoemission spectroscopy

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Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is spectroscopy that measures the energy of photons (hν) emitted when electrons incident on a substance using an electron beam with a constant energy (Ei) relax to a lower energy unoccupied state (Ef). In this process, the energy conservation law is given by:

E_i=E_f+h\nu\,

By measuring Ei and hν, the unoccupied state (Ef) of the surface can be found.

Two modes are used for this measurement. One is the isochromat mode, which scans the incident electron energy and keeps the detected photon energy constant. The other is the tunable photon energy mode, which keeps the incident electron energy constant and measures the distribution of the detected photon energy. The latter can also measure the resonant inverse photoemission spectroscopy.

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