Intuition (Amiga)

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Amiga Workbench (1985)

The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench based on an internal engine which drives all the input events called Intuition, and developed almost entirely by RJ Mical. Users may remember the initial releases for their garish blue/orange/white/black palettes, selected for high contrast. The Amiga team chose it, basing their job on direct experiences made to obtain better contrast solution using even the worst televisions the team could find. Workbench presented directories as "drawers" because the idea was to present them as drawers of a virtual desktop just called Work... bench.

Intuition was the widget and graphics library that made the whole thing work. It was driven by user events through the mouse, keyboard, and other input devices. Intuition also arbitrated collisions of mousepointer and icons, controlled the "animated icons" etc.

Due to a mistake made by the Commodore sales department, the first floppies of AmigaOS which were released with Amiga 1000 named the whole operating system (OS) "Workbench". Since then, users and CBM itself referred to "Workbench" as the nickname for the whole AmigaOS (including Amiga DOS, Extras, etc.). This common consent ended with release of version 2.0 of AmigaOS, which re-introduced proper names to the installation floppies of AmigaDOS, Workbench, Extras, etc.).

Amiga Workbench 2.0

Workbench is also used on the Amiga as a metaphor for their own standard of "desktop" as opposed to others, such as "Macintosh Finder". Workbench itself is another library or process. Rumors said that this concept of modularity was invented by Commodore to treat Workbench as a window amongst the others in the desktop, in order to avoid reprisal from Apple. But this can only be considered a rumor, as all patents on windowed GUIs were property of Xerox at that time.

Early versions of AmigaOS did treat the Workbench as just another window on top of a blank screen; but this is due to the ability of AmigaOS to have invisible screens with a chromakey or a genlock -- one of the best features of Amiga platform -- even without losing the visibility of Workbench itself. In later AmigaOS versions Workbench could be set as a borderless desktop.

Amiga users were also able to boot their computer into a command line interface (CLI), also known as shell. This was a keyboard-based environment without the Workbench GUI. Later they could invoke it with the CLI/SHELL command LoadWB which performs the task to load Workbench GUI.

Like most GUIs of the day, Amiga's Intuition followed Xerox, and sometimes also Apple's lead anteceding solutions, but pragmatically, a command line interface was also included and it extended dramatically the functionality of the platform. Later releases added more improvements, like support for high-color Workbenchs screens and 3D aspect. Often Amiga users preferred alternative interfaces to standard Workbench, such as Directory Opus, or ScalOS interface. An interesting article about these replacements is available here (in French language).

The use of improved, third party GUI engines became common amongst users who preferred more attractive interfaces -- such as Magic User Interface (MUI), and ReAction.

AmigaWB (2000). Use of O.O. graphic engines (ReAction) dramaticaly changes look and feel of a GUI to match actual styleguides.

These Object Oriented graphic engines driven by "classes" of graphic objects and functions were then standardized into the Amiga environment and changed Amiga Workbench to a complete and modern guided interface, with new standard gadgets, animated buttons, true 24bit-color icons, increased use of wallpapers for screens and windows, alpha channel, transparencies and shadows as any modern GUI requires.

Heirs of Workbench are nowadays: Ambient for MorphOS, ScalOS, Workbench for AmigaOS 4.0 and Wanderer for AROS. There is a brief article on ambient and descriptions of MUI icons, menus and gadgets here (aps.fr) and images of Zune stay at main AROS site.

As from 2005 Amiga O.O. graphic engines entered a new stage in its history with Feelin an O.O.S. available for all Amiga-like systems (AmigaOS, MorphOS, AROS) which accomplishes extensively with XML guidelines. It handles a memory management system of its own and its memory-pools system share embedded OS semaphores. Also this O.O. system features a non centralized ID allocation system, a crash-free object invocation mechanism, and even an advanced logging system. Images of this O.O.S. can be found at its main site.