Ingvar Runestones
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The Ingvar Runestones (Swedish: Ingvarstenarna) were raised in commemoration of those who died in the Swedish Viking expedition to the Caspian Sea of Ingvar the Far-Travelled.
The Ingvar expedition was the event that is mentioned on most runestones. It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041 with many ships. The Vikings came to the south-eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, and they appear to have taken part in the Battle of Sasireti, in Georgia. Few would return, as many died in battle, but most of them, including Ingvar, died of disease.
The messages of the runestones can be summarized by the Old Norse poem found on the Gripsholm Runestone:
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The expedition was also immortalized as a saga on Iceland in the 11th century, the Yngvars saga víðförla.
Below follows a presentation of the runestones. The transcriptions into Old Norse are in the Swedish and Danish dialect to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions, while the English translation provided by Rundata gives the names in the de facto standard dialect (the Icelandic and Norwegian dialect):
Contents
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[edit] Uppland
[edit] Certain runestones
[edit] U 439
This stone was located at the castle in Steninge, but it is lost. Johan Bureus, one of the first prominent Swedish runologists, visited Steninge on May 8 1595, and made a drawing of the runestone which stood by the jetty.[1] Only 50 years later it had disappeared and in a letter written in 1645 it was explained that the stone had been used in the construction of a new stone jetty.[1] The inscription contained an Old Norse poem.[2]
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
[harlaif × auk × þurkarþr × litu × raisa × stain × þina at × sabi faþur sin × is| |sturþi × austr × skibi × maþ ikuari a/a| |askalat-/skalat-]
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Hærlæif ok Þorgærðr letu ræisa stæin þenna at Sæbiorn, faður sinn. Es styrði austr skipi með Ingvari a Æistaland(?)/Særkland[i](?).
[edit] Translation in English
Herleif and Þorgerðr had this stone raised in memory of Sæbjôrn, their father, who steered a ship east with Ingvarr to Estonia(?)/Serkland(?).
[edit] U 644
This stone is located in Ekilla bro.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
an(u)(i)(t)r : auk * kiti : auk * kar : auk * blisi * auk * tiarfr * þir * raistu * stain þina * aftiR * kunlaif * foþur : sin han : fil * austr : miþ : ikuari kuþ heabi ontini
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Andvettr ok <kiti> ok Karr ok Blesi ok DiarfR þæiR ræistu stæin þenna æftiR Gunnlæif, faður sinn. Hann fell austr með Ingvari. Guð hialpi andinni.
[edit] Translation in English
Andvéttr and <kiti> and Kárr and Blesi and Djarfr, they raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father. He fell in the east with Ingvarr. May God help (his) spirit.
[edit] U 654
This stone is located in Varpsund. It contains an Old Norse poem.[3]
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
+ a--itr : auk * ka(r) auk : kiti : auk : -[l]isi : auk * tiarfr : ris[t]u : stain : þena : aftir : kunlaif : foþur sin is u[a]s nus(t)(r) * m[i](þ) ikuari : tribin kuþ : hialbi : o(t) þaira al-ikr| |raistik * runar is kuni + ual * knari stura
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
A[ndv]ettr ok Karr ok <kiti> ok [B]lesi ok DiarfR ræistu stæin þenna æftiR Gunnlæif, faður sinn. Es vas austr með Ingvari drepinn. Guð hialpi and þæiRa. Al[r]ikR(?) ræist-ek runaR. Es kunni val knærri styra.
[edit] Translation in English
Andvéttr and Kárr and <kiti> and Blesi and Djarfr raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father, who was killed in the east with Ingvarr. May God help their spirits. Alríkr(?), I carved the runes. He could steer a cargo-ship well.
[edit] U 661
This stone is located in Råby. It contains an Old Norse poem.[4]
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
kairui × auk × kula × ristu × stain þina × aftir × onunt × foþur sia is uas × austr × tauþr × miþ × ikuari × kuþ × hialbi ot × onutar
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
GæiRvi ok Gulla ræistu stæin þenna æftiR Anund, faður sinn. Es vas austr dauðr með Ingvari. Guð hialpi and AnundaR.
[edit] Translation in English
Geirvé and Gulla raised this stone in memory of Ônundr, their father, who died in the east with Ingvarr. May God help Ônundr's spirit.
[edit] U 778
This stone is located at the church of Svinnegarn. It contains an Old Norse poem.[5]
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
þialfi × auk × hulmnlauk × litu × raisa × staina þisa × ala × at baka × sun sin × is ati × ain × sir × skib × auk × austr × stu[rþi ×] i × ikuars × liþ × kuþ hialbi × ot × baka × ask(i)l × raist
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Þialfi ok Holmlaug letu ræisa stæina þessa alla at Banka/Bagga, sun sinn. Es atti æinn seR skip ok austr styrði i Ingvars lið. Guð hialpi and Banka/Bagga. Æskell ræist.
[edit] Translation in English
Þjalfi and Holmlaug had all of these stones raised in memory of Banki/Baggi, their son, who alone owned a ship and steered to the east in Ingvarr's retinue. May God help Banki's/Baggi's spirit. Áskell carved.
[edit] U 837
This stone is located in Alsta, Nysätra.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
... ...k × hulmk... ... ...(r)s + liþ × kuþ × hialb(i) ...
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
... [o]k Holmg[æiRR](?) ... [Ingva]rs(?) lið. Guð hialpi ...
[edit] Translation in English
... and Holmgeirr(?) ... Ingvarr's(?) retinue. May God help ...
[edit] U 1143
This stone is located at the church of Tierp.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
[klintr auk blikr × ristu stin × þinsi * iftiR kunu(i)þ] × faþur × sin + han [× foR bort miþ (i)kuari + kuþ trutin hialbi ont ...](r)[a *] kristin[a þu]r[iR + --an- × ri]s[ti +]
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Klintr(?) ok BlæikR ræistu stæin þennsi æftiR Gunnvið, faður sinn. Hann for bort með Ingvari. Guð drottinn hialpi and [ald]ra kristinna. ÞoriR [ru]na[R](?)/[Tr]an[i](?) risti.
[edit] Translation in English
Klettr(?) and Bleikr raised this stone in memory of Gunnviðr, their father. He travelled away with Ingvarr. May Lord God help the spirits of all Christians. Þórir carved the runes(?) / Þórir the Crane(?) carved.
[edit] U FV 1992;157
This stone is located in Arlanda.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
× kunar : auk biurn : auk × þurkrimr × ra-... ...tain : þina * at þurst... × bruþur sin : is uas austr : tauþr * m... ...ari × auk × karþ... ...u þisi
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Gunnarr ok Biorn ok ÞorgrimR ræ[istu s]tæin þenna at Þorst[æin] broður sinn, es vas austr dauðr m[eð Ingv]ari, ok gærð[u br]o þessi.
[edit] Translation in English
Gunnarr and Bjôrn and Þorgrímr raised this stone in memory of Þorsteinn, their brother, who was dead in the east with Ingvarr, and made this bridge.
[edit] Possible runestones in Uppland
[edit] U 513
This stone is located at the church of Rimbo.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- anuntr * auk * airikr * auk * hakun * auk * inkuar * rais-- ... (þ)(i)(n)-(a) * (i)(f)(t)ir * raknar * bruþur sin * kuþ * hialbi ant * hans
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Anundr ok ÆirikR ok Hakon ok Ingvarr ræis[tu stæin] þenn[s]a æftiR Ragnar, broður sinn. Guð hialpi and hans.
[edit] Translation in English
Ônundr and Eiríkr and Hákon and Ingvarr raised this stone in memory of Ragnarr, their brother. May God help his spirit.
[edit] U 540
This stone is located at the church of Husby-Sjuhundra.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
airikr ' auk hokun ' auk inkuar aukk rahn[ilt]r ' þou h--... ... ...-R ' -na hon uarþ [tau]þ(r) [a] kriklati ' kuþ hialbi hons| |salu| |uk| |kuþs muþi(R)
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
ÆirikR ok Hakon ok Ingvarr ok Ragnhildr þau ... ... ... ... Hann varð dauðr a Grikklandi. Guð hialpi hans salu ok Guðs moðiR.
[edit] Translation in English
Eiríkr and Hákon and Ingvarr and Ragnhildr, they ... ... ... ... He died in Greece. May God and God's mother help his soul.
[edit] U 785
This stone is located at the church of Tillinge.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
uifas-- ... : risa : s(t)in : þ(t)ino : ub : at : k-þmunt : bruþur : sin : han : uarþ : tuþr : a : srklant- kuþ halbi : ant : ans
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Vifas[tr] [let] ræisa stæin þenna upp at G[u]ðmund, broður sinn. Hann varð dauðr a Særkland[i]. Guð hialpi and hans.
[edit] Translation in English
Véfastr had this stone raised up in memory of Guðmundr, his brother. He died in Serkland. May God help his spirit.
[edit] Södermanland
[edit] Certain runestones
[edit] Sö 9
This stone is located in Lifsinge.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
barkuiþr × auk × þu : helka × raistu × stain × þansi : at * ulf : sun * sint * han × entaþis + miþ : ikuari + kuþ + hialbi + salu ulfs ×
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Bergviðr/Barkviðr ok þau Hælga ræistu stæin þannsi at Ulf, sun sinn. Hann ændaðis með Ingvari. Guð hialpi salu Ulfs.
[edit] Translation in English
Bergviðr/Barkviðr and Helga, they raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, their son. He met his end with Ingvarr. May God help Ulfr's soul.
[edit] Sö 96
This stone is located at the church of Jäder.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
-(t)ain : þansi : at : begli : faþur : sii :: buanta :: sifuR :: han : uaR : fa... ...
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
[s]tæin þannsi at Bægli, faður sinn, boanda SæfuR. Hann vaR fa[rinn](?) ...
[edit] Translation in English
this stone in memory of Beglir, his father, Sæfa's husbandman. He travelled(?) ...
[edit] Sö 105
This stone is located in Högstena , Södermanland.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- hulmuiþr : -þi-(s)... ...(R) ...ur--(r)- su[n] han : uaR : fa-in : m(i)- : ikuari ×+
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Holmviðr ... ... [Þ]or[bæ]r[n](?) sun [sinn]. Hann vaR fa[r]inn me[ð] Ingvari.
[edit] Translation in English
Holmviðr ... ... Þorbjôrn(?), his son. He travelled with Ingvarr.
[edit] Sö 107
This stone is located in Balsta.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- rulifR : raisti : stein : þnsi : at : faþur : sin : skarf : ha[n] uaR : farin : miþ : ikuari :
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
HroðlæifR ræisti stæin þennsi/þannsi at faður sinn Skarf. Hann vaR farinn með Ingvari.
[edit] Translation in English
Hróðleifr raised this stone in memory of his father Skarfr. He travelled with Ingvarr.
[edit] Sö 108
This stone is located in Gredby.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
kunulfR : raisti : stein : þansi : at : ulf : faþur : sin : han : uaR i : faru : miþ : ikuari :
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
GunnulfR ræisti stæin þannsi at Ulf, faður sinn. Hann vaR i faru með Ingvari.
[edit] Translation in English
Gunnulfr raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, his father. He was on a voyage with Ingvarr.
[edit] Sö 131
This stone is located in Lundby.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- sbiuti : halftan : þaiR : raisþu : stain : þansi : eftiR : skarþa : bruþur sin : fur : austr : hiþan : miþ : ikuari : o sirklanti : likR : sunR iuintaR
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Spiuti, Halfdan, þæiR ræisþu stæin þannsi æftiR Skarða, broður sinn. For austr heðan með Ingvari, a Særklandi liggR sunR ØyvindaR.
[edit] Translation in English
Spjóti (and) Halfdan, they raised this stone in memory of Skarði, their brother. From here (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr; in Serkland lies Eyvindr's son.
[edit] Sö 173
This stone is located in Tystberga.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- A mus:kia : a(u)[k :] (m)an(i) : litu : rasa : ku[(m)(l) : þausi : at : b]ruþur * (s)in : hr(u)þkaiR * auk : faþur sin hulm:stain *
- B * han hafþi * ystarla u(m) : uaRit * lenki : tuu : a:ustarla : meþ : inkuari
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
- A Myskia ok Manni/Mani letu ræisa kumbl þausi at broður sinn HroðgæiR ok faður sinn Holmstæin.
- B Hann hafði vestarla um vaRit længi, dou austarla með Ingvari.
[edit] Translation in English
- A Myskja and Manni/Máni had these monuments raised in memory of their brother Hróðgeirr and their father Holmsteinn.
- B He had long been in the west; died in the east with Ingvarr.
[edit] Sö 179
See the Gripsholm Runestone.
[edit] Sö 254
This stone is located in Vansta.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- suan : auk stain : raistu * stain : at * tos(t)a : faþur : sin : is uarþ : tauþr * i liþi : ikuars : au(k) at * þo(r)stain : auk kt : aystain : alhiltar * s--
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Svæinn ok Stæinn ræistu stæin at Tosta, faður sinn, es varð dauðr i liði Ingvars, ok at Þorstæin ok at Øystæin, AlfhildaR s[un].
[edit] Translation in English
Sveinn and Steinn raised the stone in memory of Tosti, their father, who died in Ingvarr's retinue, and in memory of Þorsteinn, and in memory of Eysteinn, Alfhildr's son.
[edit] Sö 277
This stone is located at the cathedral of Strängnäs.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
u--r : auk : inki:burk : (l)itu : ra... ... ...- : ...a at * uerþr * iki : inkuars : ma... ...
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
ok Ingiborg letu ræ[isa] ... ... ... <at> verðr ængi Ingvars ma[nna] ...
[edit] Translation in English
and Ingibjôrg had raised ... ... ... in memory of ... will not be among Ingvarr's men ...
[edit] Sö 279
This stone is located at the Strängnäs Cathedral.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
ai... ... ...(u)a : --(a)- ... ...uni ÷ aimunt... ... sunarla : a : se(r)kl...
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Æi... ... [hagg]va [st]æ[in] ... [s]yni Æimund[aR] ... sunnarla a Særkl[andi].
[edit] Translation in English
Ei-... ... the stone cut ... Eimundr's son ... in the south in Serkland.
[edit] Sö 281
This stone is located at the Strängnäs Cathedral.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
(a)lui : lit * kira : kubl : ifti... ... burþur : ulfs * þiR * a(u)... ... (m)iþ * ikuari : o : sirk*la(t)...
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
vi let gærva kumbl æfti[R] ... broður Ulfs. ÞæiR au[str]/au[starla] ... með Ingvari a Særkland[i].
[edit] Translation in English
-vé had the monument made in memory of ... Ulfr's brother. They in / to the east ... with Ingvarr in Serkland.
[edit] Sö 287
This stone is located in Hunhammar.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
[× antuitR : reisti : stin : iftiR : huka : bruþur sin eR : uar : tauþe(r) : miþ : ink... ...k : iftir : þurkils bruþur : kuþan biarlaukr : irfi : lit : reisa : iftir : biaþr : sin]
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Andvettr ræisti stæin æftiR Huga, broður sinn, eR vaR dauðr með Ing[vari, o]k æftiR Þorgils, broður goðan. Biarnlaugr ærfi(?) let ræisa æftiR faður(?) sinn.
[edit] Translation in English
Andvéttr raised the stone in memory of Hugi, his brother, who died with Ingvarr, and in memory of Þorgísl, (his) good brother. Bjarnlaugr, the heir(?), had (the stone) raised in memory of his father(?)
[edit] Sö 320
This stone is located in Stäringe.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- kaiRuatr : auk : anutr : auk : utamr : rita : stain : at : byrst(a)in * bruþur : sin : saR uaR : austr * miþ ikuari : trik : snialan : sun : lifayaR ×
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
GæiRhvatr ok Anundr ok OtamR [letu] retta stæin at Byrstæin, broður sinn, saR vaR austr með Ingvari, dræng sniallan, sun LiføyaR.
[edit] Translation in English
Geirhvatr and Ônundr and Ótamr had the stone erected in memory of Bjórsteinn, their brother. He was in the east with Ingvarr , an able valiant man, the son of Lífey.
[edit] Sö 335
This stone is located at the church ruin of Ärja.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
u ulf=ui : raisti : stain þana| |at bruþur sin : u:snikin saR furs : a:ust:arla : maþ : i:ikn:u:ari : ksibari hulmstains
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
UlfR(?) ræisti stæin þenna at broður sinn Osnikin, saR fors austarla með Ingvari, skipari Holmstæins.
[edit] Translation in English
Ulfr(?) raised this stone in memory of his brother Ósníkinn. He travelled to the east with Ingvarr; (he was) Holmsteinn's seaman.
[edit] Possible runestones
[edit] Sö 278
This stone is located at the Strängnäs Cathedral.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
k(u)nbiurn lit raisa : st... ... ... þ[ana]imuntiR :
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Gunnbiorn let ræisa st[æin] ... ... ...
[edit] Translation in English
Gunnbjôrn had the stone raised ... ... ...
[edit] Sö 360
This stone is located in Bjuddby, Blacksta.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- þurstin : reisti : stin : þisi : iffir : bruuR : sin þurbn *: sun : ru-ts : farit : uas i : far-nki :
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Þorstæinn ræisti stæin þannsi æftiR broður sinn Þorbiorn, sun Ruts(?). Farinn vas i <far-nki>.
[edit] Translation in English
Þorsteinn raised this stone in memory of his brother Þorbjôrn, Hrútr's(?) son. (He) had travelled ...
[edit] Västmanland
[edit] Certain runestones
[edit] Vs 19
This stone is located in Berga, Skultuna.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
khu[nal-](r) * [(l)it ... stain * þinsa ef]tir * horm * stob sen * trek| |ku-...n * auk * uas * farin * (o)(s)-r * miþ * ikuari * hiolbi k[-þ * salu h...ns *]
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Gunnal[d]r let [ræisa] stæin þennsa æftiR Orm, stiup sinn, dræng go[ða]n, ok vas farinn aus[t]r með Ingvari. Hialpi G[u]ð salu h[a]ns.
[edit] Translation in English
Gunnvaldr had this stone raised in memory of Ormr, his stepson, a good valiant man. And (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr. May God help his soul.
[edit] Possible runestones
[edit] Vs 1
This stone is located at the ruins of the church of Stora Ryttene.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
+ kuþlefR + seti : stff : auk : sena : þasi : uftiR slakua : sun : sia : etaþr : austr * i * karusm *
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
GuðlæifR satti staf ok stæina þasi æftiR Slagva, sun sinn, ændaðr austr i Garðum(?)/Chorezm(?).
[edit] Translation in English
Guðleifr placed the staff and these stones in memory of Slagvi, his son, (who) met his end in the east in Garðar(?)/Chorezm(?).
[edit] Östergötland
[edit] Certain stones
[edit] Ög 145
This stone is located at the church of Dagsberg.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
ur : sin : eR : furs : ... hilfnai : (a)(u)str
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
[fað]ur/[broð]ur sinn, eR fors ... hælfningi(?) austr.
[edit] Translation in English
his father/ brother, who perished ... troop(?) in the east.
[edit] Ög 155
This stone is located in Sylten.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
þurfriþ × risti × eftiR × askut × auk × kauta sunu × sina × stin × þasi × han × kuti × etaþis × i × ikuars × hilfniki ×
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Þorfriðr/Þorfreðr ræisti æftiR Asgaut ok Gauta, sunu sina, stæin þannsi. Hann Gauti ændaðis i Ingvars hælfningi.
[edit] Translation in English
Þorfríðr/Þorfreðr raised this stone in memory of Ásgautr and Gauti, her/his sons. Gauti met his end in Ingvarr's troop.
[edit] Possible stones
[edit] Ög 30
This stone is located in Skjorstad, Tåby.
[edit] Transliteration of the runes into Latin characters
- siksten : let : rasti : stain : þe(n)... : eftiR : ikuar : sun : sin : han : uarþ : austr : tauþr :
[edit] Transcription into Old Norse
Sigstæinn let ræisa stæin þenn[a] æftiR Ingvar, sun sinn. Hann varð austr dauðr.
[edit] Translation in English
Sigsteinn had this stone raised in memory of Ingvarr, his son. He died in the east.
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ a b An article at the homepage of the local heritage society of Märsta., retrieved January 14 2007.
- ^ U 439, at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.
- ^ U 654 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.
- ^ U 661 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.
- ^ U 778 at Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages.
[edit] Sources
- Mats G. Larsson (1990). "Ett ödesdigert vikingatåg. Ingvar den vittfarnes resa 1036-1041" ISBN 9174869086
- Peter Tunstall (2005). The Saga of Yngvar the Traveller.
- An online presentation, where some the runestones are available with pictures.
- Rundata
