Indigo Bunting

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Indigo Bunting
Male (above), female (below)
Male (above), female (below)
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Cardinalidae
Genus: Passerina
Species: P. cyanea
Binomial name
Passerina cyanea
(Linnaeus, 1766)

The Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea, is a small seed-eating bird in the family Cardinalidae.

Adult males have deep blue plumage; the wing and tail are black with blue edges. Adult females are brown: darker on the upperparts, faintly streaked underneath.

Their breeding habitat is brushy edges across eastern North America and the southwest United States. They nest relatively low in dense shrub or a low tree. These birds are monogamous but not always faithful to their partner. In the western part of their range, they often hybridize with the Lazuli Bunting.

They migrate to southern Mexico, the West Indies and Central America. They occur in western Europe as an extremely rare vagrant.

These birds forage on the ground or in trees or shrubs. They mainly eat insects and seeds. In winter, they often feed in flocks.

The song of this bird is a high-pitched buzzed sweet-sweet chew-chew sweet-sweet.

The Indigo Bunting will migrate during the night, using the stars to direct itself. In captivity, since they cannot migrate, they experience disorientation in April/May and in September/October if they cannot see the stars from their enclosure.

Contents

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Books

  • Payne, R. B. 2006. Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea ). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North America Online database
  • Thompson WL. (1972). Singing Behavior of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. In Voous, KH (Ed) Proceedings of the Xvth International Ornithological Congress the Hague, the Netheralnds, Aug 30-Sept 5, 1970 Viii+745p Illus Maps EJ Brill: Leiden, the Netherlands 695-696, 1972.

[edit] Thesis

  • Carey MD. Ph.D. (1977). ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF INDIGO BUNTINGS (PASSERINA CYANEA) IN TWO HABITATS: A TEST OF THE VERNER-WILLSON-ORIANS MODEL FOR THE EVOLUTION OF AVIAN POLYGYNY. Indiana University, United States -- Indiana.
  • Fitzgerald JA. Ph.D. (1989). Territoriality in indigo buntings: Do males and females respond to the same proximate factors?. University of Arkansas, United States -- Arkansas.
  • Landau D. Ph.D. (1970). DIETARY INFLUENCES ON ADIPOSE TISSUE COMPOSITION IN THE MIGRATORY INDIGO BUNTING (PASSERINA CYANEA). University of Florida, United States -- Florida.
  • Shiovitz KA. Ph.D. (1973). THE PROCESS OF SPECIES-SPECIFIC SONG RECOGNITION BY THE INDIGO BUNTING, PASSERINA CYANEA, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE ORGANIZATION OF AVIAN ACOUSTICAL BEHAVIOR. Wayne State University, United States -- Michigan.
  • Weldon AJ. M.S. (2004). The effects of patch shape and connectivity on nest site selection and reproductive success of the indigo bunting. North Carolina State University, United States -- North Carolina.
  • Westneat DF. Ph.D. (1986). PARENTAL CARE AND ALTERNATIVE MATING TACTICS IN THE INDIGO BUNTING (PASSERINA CYANEA). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States -- North Carolina.
  • Womer DB. M.S. (1987). BREEDING HABITAT ANALYSIS OF THE INDIGO BUNTING (PASSERINA CYANEA) AND THE PAINTED BUNTING (PASSERINA CIRIS) IN EAST TEXAS. Stephen F. Austin State University, United States -- Texas.

[edit] Articles

  • Aimee JW & Nick MH. (2005). THE EFFECTS OF PATCH SHAPE ON INDIGO BUNTINGS: EVIDENCE FOR AN ECOLOGICAL TRAP. Ecology. vol 86, no 6. p. 1422.
  • Belcher JW & Thompson WL. (1969). Territorial Defense and Individual Song Recognition in the Indigo Bunting. Jack Pine Warbler. vol 47, no 3. p. 76-84.
  • Buntin SB. (1994). INDIGO BUNTING. South Humanit Rev. vol 28, no 3. p. 246-246.
  • Cannings RJ. (1974). The Indigo Bunting in British-Columbia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 88, no 2. p. 232-233.
  • Carey M. (1982). An Analysis of Factors Governing Pair Bonding Period and the Onset of Laying in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 53, no 3. p. 240-248.
  • Carey M & Nolan VJ. (1979). Population Dynamics of Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea and the Evolution of Avian Polygyny. Evolution. vol 33, no 4. p. 1180-1192.
  • Dearborn DC. (1996). Video documentation of a brown-headed cowbird nestling ejecting an indigo bunting nestling from the nest. Condor. vol 98, no 3. p. 645-649.
  • Edscorn JB. (1969). Nesting Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea Observation Lake Hancock Florida USA. Florida Naturalist. vol 42, no 1. p. 40-41.
  • Emlen ST. (1968). Acoustical Communication in the Indigo Bunting. American Zoologist. vol 8, no 3.
  • Emlen ST. (1970). The Influence of Magnetic Information on the Orientation of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 18, no 2. p. 215-224.
  • Emlen ST. (1971). Geographic Variation in Indigo Bunting Song Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 19, no 2. p. 407-408.
  • Emlen ST. (1971). The Role of Song in Individual Recognition in the Indigo Bunting. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie. vol 28, no 3. p. 241-246.
  • Ham I. (1984). A Finding of an Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea in a Natural Environment in Yugoslavia. Larus. vol 37, p. 321-322.
  • Handley C. (1968). Hartland Lewisburg West-Virginia USA Indigo Bunting Song Sparrow Banding. Redstart. vol 35, no 4.
  • Jeffrey GK & Christopher JC. (2000). Macro-habitat features associated with painted and Indigo Buntings in Northeast Texas. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 112, no 1. p. 108.
  • Johnston DW. (1970). Age and Sex Distribution in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Bird Banding. vol 41, no 2. p. 113-118.
  • Johnston DW & Downer AC. (1968). Migratory Features of the Indigo Bunting in Jamaica and Florida USA Passerina-Cyanea. Bird Banding. vol 39, no 4. p. 277-292.
  • Kaufman K. (1989). Blue Grosbeak and Indigo Bunting. American Birds. vol 43, no 3. p. 385-388.
  • Landau D. (1971). Dietary Influences on Adipose Tissue Composition in the Migratory Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Dissertation Abstracts International B Sciences & Engineering. vol 32, no 3.
  • Lensink CJ. (1967). A Sight Record of the Indigo Bunting in Washington State USA Passerina-Cyanea Range Extension. Murrelet. vol 48, no 2. p. 40-41.
  • Luecking A & Luecking R. (1993). Passerina cyanea (Passeriformes: Emberizidae), new ornithological report for Cocos Island, Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical. vol 41, no 3 PART B. p. 928-929.
  • Margoliash D, Staicer C & Inoue SA. (1994). The process of syllable acquisition in adult indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea). Behaviour. vol 131, no 1-2. p. 39-64.
  • Margoliash D & Staicer CA. (1989). Plastic Song in Adult Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts. vol 15, no 1.
  • Margoliash D, Staicer CA & Inoue SA. (1991). Stereotyped and Plastic Song in Adult Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 42, no 3. p. 367-388.
  • Morgan FD. (1976). Nesting Studies of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea at Thornhill Indiana USA. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. vol 86, p. 461-465.
  • Myron CB & Jeanette TB. (1999). Singing behavior, mating associations and reproductive success in a population of hybridizing Lazuli and Indigo Buntings. The Condor. vol 101, no 3. p. 493.
  • Paget J. (1990). An Interior Winter Record for Indigo Bunting. Oriole. vol 55, no 1.
  • Payne RB. (1982). Ecological Consequences of Song Matching Breeding Success and Intraspecific Song Mimicry in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Ecology. vol 63, no 2. p. 401-411.
  • Payne RB. (1983). The Social Context of Song Mimicry Song Matching Dialects in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 31, no 3. p. 788-805.
  • Payne RB. (1991). Natal Dispersal and Population Structure in a Migratory Songbird the Indigo Bunting. Evolution. vol 45, no 1. p. 49-62.
  • Payne RB & Payne LL. (1989). Heritability estimates and behaviour observations: Extra-pair matings in indigo buntings. Animal Behaviour. vol 38, no 3. p. 457.
  • Payne RB & Payne LL. (1993). Breeding dispersal in indigo buntings: Circumstances and consequences for breeding success and population structure. The Condor. vol 95, no 1. p. 1.
  • Payne RB, Thompson WL, Fiala KL & Sweany LL. (1981). Local Song Traditions in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea Cultural Transmission of Behavior Patterns across Generations. Behaviour. vol 77, no 4. p. 199-221.
  • Rebecca H & Renee DG. (2001). Song properties of Indigo Buntings in open and forested habitats. The Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 243.
  • Rice JO & Thompson WL. (1968). Song Development in the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 16, no 4. p. 462-469.
  • Rohwer S. (1986). A Previously Unknown Plumage of First-Year Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea and Theories of Delayed Plumage Maturation. Auk. vol 103, no 2. p. 281-292.
  • Shiovitz K. (1971). A Computer Study of Recognition Pattern of the Song of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. American Zoologist. vol 11, no 4. p. 633-634.
  • Shiovitz KA. (1975). The Process of Species Specific Song Recognition by the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea and Its Relationship to the Organization of Avian Acoustical Behavior. Behaviour. vol 55, no 2. p. 128-175.
  • Shiovitz KA & Thompson WL. (1970). Geographic Variation in Song Composition of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Animal Behaviour. vol 18, no 1. p. 151-158.
  • Street L & Merilees W. (1974). A 2nd Sight Record of the Indigo Bunting for British-Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 88, no 1.
  • Taylor WK. (1974). A New Hybrid Bunting Passerina-Cyanea X Passerina-Ciris. Auk. vol 91, no 3. p. 485-487.
  • Thompson WL. (1968). The Songs of 5 Species of Passerina Passerina-Leclancherii Passerina-Ciris Passerina-Versicolor Passerina-Cyanea Passerina-Amoena. Behaviour. vol 31, no 3/4. p. 261-287.
  • Thompson WL. (1972). Singing Behavior of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie. vol 31, no 1. p. 39-59.
  • Thompson WL. (1972). Song Characteristics of Indigo Bunting and Lazuli Bunting in a Zone of Hybridization. American Zoologist. vol 12, no 4.
  • Weldon AJ. (2006). How corridors reduce Indigo Bunting nest success. Conservation Biology. vol 20, no 4. p. 1300-1305.
  • Westneat DF. (1988). Male Parental Care and Extrapair Copulations in the Indigo Bunting. Auk. vol 105, no 1. p. 149-160.
  • Westneat DF. (1988). The Relationships among Polygyny Male Parental Care and Female Breeding Success in the Indigo Bunting. Auk. vol 105, no 2. p. 372-374.
  • Westneat DF. (1990). Genetic Parentage in the Indigo Bunting a Study Using DNA Fingerprinting. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol 27, no 1. p. 67-76.
  • Westneat DF, Payne RB & Doehlert SM. (1986). Effects of Muscle Biopsy on Survival and Breeding Success in Indigo Buntings Passerina-Cyanea. Condor. vol 88, no 2. p. 220-227.
  • Wiltschko W, Wiltschko R, Emlen ST & Demong NJ. (1980). Nocturnal Activity and Orientation Behavior During Spring Migration and Early Summer in the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea. Journal of Comparative Physiology A Sensory Neural & Behavioral Physiology. vol 137, no 1. p. 47-50.
  • Wormington A. (1986). Fall Vagrancy of the Indigo Bunting in Northern Ontario Canada. Ontario Birds. vol 4, no 3. p. 104-109.
  • Worthen GL. (1972). A Record of an Indigo Bunting and a Wintering Says Phoebe for Northern Utah. Great Basin Naturalist. vol 32, no 4.
  • Yocom CF. (1970). Status of the Indigo Bunting in the Pacific States. Murrelet. vol 51, no 3. p. 40-41.
  • Young BE. (1989). First Specimen Record of the Indigo Bunting Passerina-Cyanea New-Record in British Columbia Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 103, no 3.
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