India-Israel relations

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India-Israel relations
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Ever since the Republic of India established diplomatic relations with the State of Israel in 1992, the collaboration between the two countries has grown. The relations between Israel and India were not developing before the nineties, first because although India was belonging to Non-Aligned Movement, it was a strong ally of USSR, in contrast to the relationship of Israel with the United States. Second, India was (and still is[1]) a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause: in 1947 New-Delhi proposed to the Special Committee of the United Nations on Palestine (UNSCOP) the creation of a federal Palestine with an autonomous status for the Jewish population[2]. India is seen by both parties as a trustworthy intermediary[3]. After the Kashmiri insurrection in 1989 and the military escalation with Pakistan, the political framework has changed, and the relations between India and Israel were increasing, most notably with the loss of the Indian National Congress to the elections, the coming of the Bharatiya Janata Party, and mutual concerns about Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.[4][5]. India wished to ally with Israel, which the BJP regarded as one of the strongest allies of the United States, and in that way to build stronger ties with the US.[6] The level of collaboration between the two countries continued to increase even after the Indian National Congress returned to power in 2004. Israel is now India's second largest arms provider after Russia.

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Contents

[edit] History

[edit] 1940s to 1980s

India gained independence from the British Empire a year before the State of Israel was created. India's first Prime Minister, Jawahar Lal Nehru, and Indian mass leader, Mahatama Gandhi, opposed the creation of Israel[7]. However, the majority Hindu populace in India was generally pro-Israeli. Muslims in India were overwhelmingly pro-Arab and the Congress-led Indian government didn't want to displease the Muslim populace, which contributed approximately 13% of India's total population, by publicly taking a pro-Israel stance[8]. India recognized Israel as a nation in 1950.[7] Another factor which affected India-Israel diplomatic relationship was the Kashmir dispute. During the First Kashmir War, India's arch-rival, Pakistan, referred the Kashmir issue to the United Nations Security Council. There was a high probability that the Arab nations would favor Pakistan's claim over Kashmir had India established diplomatic relations with Israel. In private though, Indian political leaders expressed their support for Israel. In a statement in 1954, Nehru said he would not "be a party to a resolution which stated that the creation of Israel was a violation of international law". He also wrote a letter to Frances Gunther expressing his support for the general Jewish behavior in Palestine[8]. Various Hindu organizations, led by the Sangh Parivar, openly supported the Jewish-cause and the creation of Israel. In particular, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar openly stated his support for Zionism and a Jewish State in the Middle-East, citing that Israel has been the national home of the Jewish people long before the advent of Islam[9].The stubborn opposition to establish diplomatic relations with Israel during the 1960s and 1970s arose due to the left-wing Congress Party's desire for Muslim votes.[7]

[edit] Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Despite of India's unwillingness to establish diplomatic relations with it, Israel offered help to India during the 1971 war in the form of intelligence gathering and military equipment. India, realizing that its boycott of Israel was tactically wrong, accepted the help offer. For India and Israel, the common potential enemy was Pakistan, a Muslim nation committed to helping the Arab countries of the Middle East.[10][11] The Indian military extensively used Israeli 166mm mortar and ammunition during the war.[12] In fact, Pakistan had sent its pilots to fight with the Arab nations against Israel during the Six day war of 1967, and Israel wanted to do the same against Pakistan by helping India.

[edit] 1992 onwards

In 1986, the members of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) issued a joint declaration supporting Pakistan's claim over Kashmir. The OIC statement came even though India had officially supported the Arab cause for more than 3 decades.[13] Relations between India and OIC severed in 2001 when the latter criticised India for not doing enough to stop the alleged human rights violations against Muslims in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. India dismissed this allegation as baseless and Pakistani propaganda[14]. India retaliated to the anti-India stance taken by the OIC by re-evaluating its Middle East policy[15]. Muslims in India too felt betrayed by the stance taken by the OIC countries and support for Arabs among all sections of the Indian populace began declining. The Indian government took this opportunity to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992.

[edit] Strategic partnership


[edit] Intelligence and military

India and Israel have increased cooperation in military and intelligence ventures since the establishment of diplomatic relations. While India and Israel were officially "rivals" during the Cold War, the fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of Islamic terrorism in both countries have generated a solid strategic alliance[16].

During the Kargil War, Israel had provided several military hardware including laser guided bombs, Unmanned aerial vehicles etc. to help it to flush out the Pakistani infiltrators in Kargil[17][18]. Soon this relationship developed to Indian and Israel being major defense partners.

In 1997, Israel's President Ezer Weizman became the first head of the Jewish state to visit India. He met with Indian President Shankar Dayal Sharma, Vice President K.R. Narayanan and Prime Minister H.D. Deve Gowda. He negotiated the first weapons deal between the two nations, involving the puchase of Barak-1 vertically-launched surface-to-air (SAM) missiles from Israel. The Barak-1 has the ability to intercept anti-ship cruise missiles such as the Harpoon[19].

[edit] Hardware and technology

India signed a $10 million contract for the purchase of two Super Dvorah MK-II patrol ships in 1996. This was followed by Israel's offer to sell its advanced maritime surveillance radar to the Indian Navy. With a detection range of 30 nautical miles, the radar system can be fitted onto airborne platforms and can track up to 100 targets at a time[19].

In December 2002 India's Defense Minister George Fernandes announced in the Indian parliament that India and Israel are planning to jointly produce and market the Advanced Light Helicopter Dhruv (ALH)[16].Also, Israel has been planning to train four battalions of nearly 3,000 Indian soldiers for specialized anti-insurgency strikes, adding to their training in desert, mountain, jungle, and counter-hijacking and hostage crisis situations. The newly trained Indian soldiers are expected to stop infiltration by Pakistani terrorists into India via the disputed Kashmir region[20].

Israel has provided India with sea-to-sea missiles, radar and other surveillance systems, border monitoring equipment, night vision devices, and the upgrading of India's Soviet-era armor and aircraft[16].In 2003, India concluded a $30 million agreement with Israel Military Industries (IMI) for 3,400 Tavor assault rifles, 200 Galil sniper rifles(Galatz), as well as night vision and laser range finding and targeting equipment[20].

Negotiations are progressing for Israel to provide state-of-the-art fire control systems and thermal imagers for the Indian Army's T-72 tanks[20].

Indian defense officials acknowledged the acquisition of two Israeli Elta Green Pine long-range radar systems, a component of the Arrow Ballistic Missile System[20] and integrate it with the Rajendra Radar system of the Indian Army. India is also negotiating the purchase of the sophisticated airborne early-warning and control Phalcon system, a deal that was hampered due to sanctions against India imposed by the US (since lifted) for conducting nuclear weapon tests in 1998[20].

India has also shown interest in purchasing Arrow missiles from Israel, and in developing a Ballistic Missile Defense system based on the same in a joint collaboration[16]. Such a move is strongly supported by several military analysts in India, such as former Indian Army general and veteran of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 J.F.R. Jacob, who has advanced that the Arrow missiles are ideal for deterring missile attacks from Pakistan or China, since the Arrow missiles can intercept enemy missiles at higher altitudes[21].

[edit] Strategic naval cooperation

As far as the Navies of the two countries are concerned, Israel sees great strategic value in an alliance with the Indian Navy, given the dominance of the latter in South Asian waters. It would be advantageous to the Israeli Navy to establish a logistical infrastructure in the Indian Ocean with the cooperation of the Indian Navy, since the Mediterranean shores have a dominant Arab and European presence which is hostile to Israel in varying degrees. In 2000, Israeli submarines reportedly conducted test launches of cruise missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads in the waters of the Indian Ocean of the Sri Lanka coast[16].The purchase of the Barak-1 missiles from Israel by India was a tactical necessity since Pakistan had purchased P3-C II Orion maritime strike aircraft and 27 Harpoon sea-skimming anti-ship missiles from the United States[19].

[edit] Air Force contracts

As far as Air Force is concerned, in 1996,India purchased 32 “Searcher” Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Electronic Support Measure sensors and an Air Combat Manouevering Instrumentation simulator system[19].Since then, Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) has serviced several large contracts with the Indian Air Force including the upgrading of the IAF's Russian-made MiG-21 ground attack aircraft, sales of unmanned aerial vehicles and laser-guided bombs[20].

[edit] Intelligence

In the field of intelligence, a Rediff story in 2003 revealed that the Indian intelligence agency RAW had clandestine links with the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency. When RAW was founded in 1968 by Rameshwar Kao, he was advised by Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to cultivate links with Mossad. This was suggested as a countermeasure to military links between Pakistan, a nation hostile to India, and North Korea. Also, Israel was concerned that Pakistani army officers were training Libyans and Iranians to handle Chinese and North Korean military equipment. This link enabled India to get wind of Pakistan's plans to build a nuclear reactor at Kahuta.[22] Though India planned to bomb Kahuta, a la Operation Opera, where Israel destroyed Iraqi nuclear reactor, the plan was later dropped.

The Pakistanis eventually started to suspect intelligence relations between India and Israel and their concern rapidly devolved into paranoia. When young Israeli tourists began visiting the Kashmir valley in the early nineties Pakistan suspected they were Israeli army officers in disguise to help Indian security forces with counter-terrorism operations. Propaganda from Pakistani intelligence inspired a series of terrorist attacks on the unsuspecting Israeli tourists. One was slain, another kidnapped. Intense pressure from the Kashmiri Muslim diaspora in the United States led to their release. [22].


[edit] Science and technology

India is building closer ties with several countries, Israel among them, in nanotechnology, alternative fuels, agriculture, animal husbandry and space research.

Israel's Minister for Science and Technology, Eliezer Moodi Sandberg, said in 2003 that Israel was keen on strengthening science and technology ties with India considering that the latter had a rich base of scientists and technologists and the two countries could benefit by synergising their activities [23].

Various activities under Indo-Israel Cooperation in Science & Technology were continued during the 1999–2000 year, including 22 joint research projects. Work on six projects was completed by 2002[24]. Twelve scientists from both countries visited the laboratories of their collaborators. Two exploratory visits from India were also supported. Three Indian young scientists were deputed to Israel on short term exchange visits[25][23].

The Indo-Israel Joint Symposium on Human Genome was held in Jerusalem in 1998 for which 6 Indian scientists working in the area were deputed. Subsequently, as a follow up of the symposium, a call for joint research proposals on Human Genome was issued in July 1999 against which 11 proposals were received by both the sides. Out of these, 6 research projects have been recommended for implementation[25]. Another Indo-Israel status seminar on human Genome Research was organized in India on December 2000[26].

In 2003, the two countries proposed to double the investment under the ongoing science and technology collaboration to $1 million from $0.5 million each in the next biennial period starting October 2004[23].

The Indo-Israel Joint Committee of scientists was re-constituted with the DST (Department of Science and Technology), India, as its Co-chairman and with representatives from various research organizations in India and and the Ministry of Information Technology as members. The 4th Meeting of the joint committee was held in the first week of November 1999 in Jerusalem which was participated by a 3-member Indian delegation[25].In 2004, the Ministry of Science and Technology in India signed an MoU with Israel for jointly funding industrial R&D projects[27].

Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) towards utilizing satellites for better management of land and other resources. Israel has also expressed intereest in participating in ISRO's Chandrayaan Mission involving an unmanned mission to the moon[23].A Memorandum of Understanding, signed by ISRO and Israel's space agency, provides for cooperation in multiple areas of space science and technology[28]

In an agreement signed on May 30, 2005, India and Israel pledged to set up a fund to encourage investment and joint ventures with industry. According to the Press Trust of India, there are five priority areas for enhanced collaboration: nanotechnology, biotechnology, water management, alternative energy, and space and aeronautics. India and Israel will each start by contributing US$1 million to provide risk-free grants to entrepreneurs in the two countries[29].

[edit] Ariel Sharon's visit to India

in 2003, Ariel Sharon became the first Israeli Prime Minister to visit India. He was welcomed by the center-right wing Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance coalition government of India. [30].Several newspapers expressed positive views on his visit, and Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee voiced confidence that Sharon's visit would pave the way for further consolidating bilateral ties and said there was no dilution of the country's stand on the Palestinian issue[31]. Indians were polarized over Sharon's visit.

[edit] Negative response

Sharon's visit was condemned by some, especially in leftist[32] and Muslim circles[33].Hundreds of supporters of India's various communist parties rallied in the New Delhi, denouncing the visit. Muslims accused Sharon of being a "terrorist and a war criminal". Nearly 100 Muslims were arrested[33].

Students of the Aligarh Muslim University protested Sharon's visit, denounced Sharon as a "terrorist" and demanded that India sever all ties with Israel and increase ties with Palestine[34].

Newspapers like The Times of Indiaand Outlook expressed "concern" over "India's changing priorities", saying that India is "turning away" from the cause of supporting the Palestinians and other "oppressed peoples"[35]. Urdu-language newspapers such as Slasat launched a campaign against Sharon, accusing Israel of "aggressive and fascistic inclinations"[35].

[edit] Positive response

Sharon was welcomed by many in India, including some politicians. The Hindi-language daily Navbharat Times condemned protests made against him and wrote that none of Sharon's controversies can justify demonstrations planned in protest against his visit by some Indian opposition parties "because he is coming as the prime minister of Israel, which is an important friend of India". Articles in The Indian Express agreed with this view, noting that the issue of India's relations with Israel "instantly polarises hard-nosed pragmatists from dewy-eyed idealists", which is "regrettable, for cementing geo-political and trade links with Israel need in no way weaken New Delhi's traditional insistence that Palestinians be ceded control of their territories"[35].

In addition, the Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) condemned the left wing groups for protesting against Sharon[36][37]. RSS spokesperson Ram Madhav said:

The entire world acknowledges that Israel has effectively and ruthlessly countered terror in the Middle East. Since India and Israel are both fighting a proxy war against terrorism, therefore, we should learn a lesson or two from them. We need to have close cooperation with them in this field[36][37].

The RSS newspaper Panchjanya dubbed those advocating friendship with Pakistan as ones responsible for encouraging terrorist activities in India, and described the visit of Ariel Sharon as an opportunity for India to get closer to Israel and fight terrorism jointly [36][37].

In addition, Israeli newspapers such as The Jerusalem Post wrote positively about Sharon's visit, saying that the Indo-Israeli relationship is "now coming to full bloom" and "turning India into one of Israel's main allies".The Jerusalem post also wrote that "securing relations with an emerging power is important because it proves Israel can make friends other than America and Micronesia in this unfriendly world[35]", further stressing that both India and Israel are vibrant democracies with ancient civilizations to boast about, and praising the treatment of Indian Jews and the fact that they have not been persecuted by anti-Semitism, and that both India and Israel face the ongoing threat from fanatic Islamic fundamentalism[35]. Also, Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz argued that India's improved relationship with Washington has encouraged it "to think in terms of a triangular alliance in which India and Israel would act as cushions providing stability in the tumultuous South Asia-Middle East regions, areas that face threats posed by terror, and by dictatorial regimes of Arab, Muslim states". Ha'aretz encouraged New Delhi to translate its openness towards Israel into changing its voting pattern at the United Nations with regards to the Arabs[35].

The various Jewish communities in India expressed satisfaction at Sharon's visit, though some regretted that Sharon could not visit them in person[38], and some Indian Jews opined that it would have been better if a previous head of state from Israel had visited India[39]. Sharon's visit sparked an interest in the small Indian Jewish communities[39].The Mumbai Jewish community, which had prepared a "hero's welcome" for Sharon, was saddened that Sharon could not visit them because of constraints. However, Solomon Sopher, the chairman of several prominent synagogues in the city was happy with Sharon's visit to India, saying that it would go a long way towards increasing India-Israel ties. Sopher lauded Vajpayee's and Deputy Prime Minister L. K. Advani's initiative towards Sharon, saying that the visit has helped India and Israel come closer in the fields of environment, agriculture, defence and in combating terrorism[40].

[edit] Conclusion of visit

Most of Sharon's activities in India went unhindered and were largely productive towards cementing the India-Israel alliance. The central topic of the dialogues between Indians and the Israeli delegation was the mutual problem of Islamic fundamentalism and Islamic terrorism in both countries, and how India and Israel can join forces to defeat this enemy. Israeli deputy minister Josef Lapid said that both India and Israel face "threats from fanatic Muslims and terrorism".While delivering a lecture on 'The Global War Against Terror -- Israel and India' organised by the Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) in Delhi, he stressed that an Israel has developed an excellent military and defense systems to combat terrorism and the technology would be very beneficial to India. Since India had been experiencing terrorism more than western Countries, its leaders understood him better than others[41].

Sharon expressed satisfaction over the outcome of the talks with Indian leaders, saying that the landmark visit would result in upgradation of bilateral relations to new heights. Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee also expressed satisfaction, saying that the visit would increase ties between India and Israel[42]. Sharon also invited Vajpayee to visit Israel[43]. Sharon himself spoke positively of the importance of his hosts. Sharon himself said that Israelis "regard India to be one of the most important countries in the world,", and Vajpayee was sure that Sharon's visit would bring the two states closer together. Sharon said that terrorism was a menace that required an international response[33].

[edit] Visits of Indian politicians to Israel

[edit] Jaswant Singh

In 2000, Jaswant Singh became the first Indian foreign minister to visit Israel[44].Following the visit, the two countries set up a joint anti-terror commission. The foreign ministers of the two countries say intensified cooperation will range from areas such as counter terrorism to information technology[45][46].

[edit] 2006

In early 2006, Indian government ministers Sharad Pawar, Kapil Sibal and Kamal Nath visited Israel[3].

[edit] Bnei Menashe controversy

Main article: Bnei Menashe

The Bnei Menashe ("Children of Menasseh", Hebrew בני מנשה) are a group of more than 8,000 people from India's remote North-Eastern border states of Manipur and Mizoram who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Ethnically and linguistically, they are Tibeto-Burmans and belong to the Mizo, Kuki and Chin peoples (the terms are virtually interchangeable. Prior to their conversion by British misssionaries in the 19th Century, they were animists.

On March 31, 2005, Sephardi Rabbi Shlomo Amar, one of Israel's two chief rabbis, accepted the Bnei Menashe's claim because of their exemplary devotion to Judaism. His decision was significant because it paved the way for all of the Bnei Menashe to enter Israel under Israel's Law of Return.In the past two decades, some 1,300 Bnei Menashe have moved to Israel.

In June 2003, Israeli Interior Minister Avraham Poraz halted Bnei Menashe immigration to Israel following charges by Ofir Pines-Paz (Minister of Science and Technology, 2006) that the Bnei Menashe “are being cynically exploited for political purposes". Arutz Sheva quoted Rabbi Eliyahu Birnbaum, a rabbinical judge dealing with the conversion of Bnei Menashe, as saying that the Knesset Absorption Committee's decision was one of "ignorance, racism, and unjustifiable hate"[2].

Rabbi Eliyahu Birnbaum says that community members who move to Israel in fact suffer financially because their move is motivated by a desire to return to the Holy Land and not material gain [3].

Michael Freund has suggested that the Bnei Menashe could help with Israel's demographic problem saying "I believe that groups like the Bnei Menashe constitute a large, untapped demographic reservoir for Israel and the Jewish people".

With the March 2005 decision by Rabbi Amar, the immigration issue seemed to have been rendered moot. The Bnei Menashe's Orthodox conversion would in the future be conducted in India, and they would be recognized as wholly Jewish prior to their arrival in Israel. However, this solution was short-lived because the government of India, under pressure from Mizo-Kuki churches and Fundamentalist Christian preachers, objected formally to the conversion of its citizens. This ignited a furious controversy in Mizoram, culminating in top-rating television debates. The opposition mainly came from fundamentalist Christian preachers such as Chuauthuama of the Aizawl Theological College[4], and Biaksiama from Aizawl's Christian Research Centre.[5].

On November 9, 2005, the Israeli government halted all conversions of the Bnei Menashe in India, saying it was straining relations between the two countries. Indian officials reportedly expressed concern about the conversions and indicated mass conversions are considered illegal in India. Concern may have been triggered after a task force from the Rabbinic Court travelled to India in September 2005 to complete the conversion process for 218 Bnei Menashe.

The decision by the Israeli government led to criticism from supporters of the Bnei Menashe who say Israeli officials failed to explain to the Indian government that the rabbis were not proselytising, but rather formalizing the conversions of Bnei Menashe who had already accepted Judaism[6]..

The Indian government's complaint was also criticized by some Hindu groups in India, who claim that the Indian government takes Christian complaints more seriously than theirs, and that Hindus have complained for years about Christian proselytizing without government response. [7]

In July 2006, Israeli Immigration Absorption Minister Zeev Boim said that the 218 Bnei Menashe who were formally converted in 2005 by the Chief Rabbinate "would be allowed to come here, but first the government must decide what its policy will be towards those who have yet to (formally) convert" [8] . In response Michael Freund said that Boim may devise a policy concerning the Bnei Menashe remaining in India, but must allow the converted Bnei Menashe to immigrate to Israel without bureaucratic delays [9].Freund says that he has engaged "a prominent lawyer" and is prepared to take the minister to the Supreme Court if he does does immediately facilitate the arrival of the Bnei Menashe.

The Bnei Menashe have not suffered anti-Semitism in India, but over 1300 have migrated to Israel as they regard the country as their homeland and decided to emigrate "on Zionist considerations"[10].

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ c.f. C. Jaffrelot, Inde-Israel, le nouvel élément clé de l'axe du bien ? Critique Internationale, n°21, October 2003.
  3. ^ a b Talk to Palestine, Israel tells India Rediff - February 09, 2006
  4. ^ c.f. C. Jaffrelot, op.cit.
  5. ^ c.f. A Financial Times article.
  6. ^ Indo-Israeli Ties: The Post-Arafat Shift - Power and Interest News Report
  7. ^ a b c INDIA – ISRAEL RELATIONS: THE IMPERATIVES FOR ENHANCED STRATEGIC COOPERATION - Subhash Kapila - South Asia Analysis Group
  8. ^ a b Dissent in Israel,Frontline
  9. ^ Hindu Pro-Zionism,nhsf.org
  10. ^ Ibid Pg 157
  11. ^ Pakistan Air Force had previously sent its fighter pilots to fight along Arab air forces against Israel during the Six-Day War of 1967.
  12. ^ INDIA – ISRAEL RELATIONS: THE IMPERATIVES FOR ENHANCED STRATEGIC COOPERATION,South Asia Analysis Group
  13. ^ Just NAM-sake relevance,Dailt Pioneer
  14. ^ India Rejects OIC Resolution on Kashmir,People's Daily
  15. ^ India-Israel relations: Dawn of new era.
  16. ^ a b c d e India and Israel Forge a Solid Strategic Alliance by Martin Sherman,The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
  17. ^ Moving closer to Israel, hinduonnet.com
  18. ^ INDIA – ISRAEL RELATIONS: THE IMPERATIVES FOR ENHANCED STRATEGIC COOPERATION, saag.org
  19. ^ a b c d The Barak Missile Deal Scandal involving graft for an unnecessary missile system would hamper relations in 2006.Israel-India Military and Civil Trade Ties Skyrocket,The Jewish Institute for National security Affairs
  20. ^ a b c d e f India-Israel Military Ties Continue to Grow,The Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
  21. ^ The Jewish general who beat Pakistan,Despardes.com
  22. ^ a b RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link,rediff.com
  23. ^ a b c d Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration, The Times of India
  24. ^ Annual Report 2001 - 2002,Department of Science and Technology, India
  25. ^ a b c Annual Report 1999-2000,Department of Science and Technology, India
  26. ^ Annual Report 2000-2001,Department of Science and Technology, India
  27. ^ Annual Report 2004-2005,Department of Science and Technology, India
  28. ^ 2003 Good Year for India ; Israel Shows Interest in Mission to the Moon,Space Age Publishing
  29. ^ India forms science ties with Canada, Israel, Vietnam,scidev.net
  30. ^ Ariel Sharon's India visit,rediff.com
  31. ^ Ariel Sharon arrives in India,Rediff.com
  32. ^ Left wants 'killer' Sharon to go home,Rediff.com
  33. ^ a b c India and Israel vow to fight terrorism,BBC
  34. ^ AMU students protest against Sharon's visit
  35. ^ a b c d e f Press spotlight on Sharon's India visit,BBC
  36. ^ a b c RSS slams Left for opposing Sharon's visit
  37. ^ a b c Google Cache of above
  38. ^ In Kochi, 15 Jews waited for Sharon,rediff.com
  39. ^ a b For these Jews, Mumbai is the chosen land,Rediff.com
  40. ^ Mumbai Jews despondent, but still hopeful,Rediff.com
  41. ^ Fanatic Muslims threaten India, Israel:Lapid,rediff.com
  42. ^ Sharon's visit will consolidate ties PM,rediff.com
  43. ^ Sharon invites Vajpayee to Israel,rediff.com
  44. ^ Peres Visit Highlights Growing Ties Between Israel and New Ally India,United Jewish Communities
  45. ^ India/Israel,fas.org
  46. ^ Jaswant to visit Israel to boost bilateral ties,The Daily Excelsior

[edit] External links

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