Imperial election
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The Election of a Holy Roman Emperor or King of Germany was, from at least the thirteenth century, accomplished by a small body of the greatest princes of the Empire, the Prince-electors. In 1356, the Emperor Charles IV, promulgated the Golden Bull, which became the fundamental law by which all future Kings and Emperors were elected.
The seven electors who chose the Emperor (who normally served for life), or, in some cases, the King of the Romans (the Emperor's designated heir), were as follows:
The Spiritual Electors:
The Secular Electors:
- The King of Bohemia, of the House of Luxemburg at the time of the Golden Bull, but from 1526 onward ruled by the House of Habsburg. The Bohemian crown was theoretically elective, but under the Habsburgs it became hereditary de facto.
- The Count Palatine of the Rhine, throughout the entire period a member of the House of Wittelsbach
- The Duke of Saxony, a member of the House of Wettin
- The Margrave of Brandenburg, from 1415 on a member of the House of Hohenzollern.
Later additions to the electoral council were:
- The Duke of Bavaria, of another branch of the House of Wittelsbach.
- The Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, or of Hanover, of the House of Welf.
Expulsions, readmittances, and additions to the electoral council are detailed below.
The following were the elections that took place under the conditions of the Golden Bull:
[edit] Election of 1376
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Ludwig von Meissen, Elector of Mainz (1374-1379)
- Kuno II von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier (1362-1388)
- Friedrich III von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne (1372-1414)
- Charles, King of Bohemia (1346-1378) and Emperor
- Rupert I, Elector Palatine (1356-1390)
- Wenceslaus, Elector of Saxony (1370-1388)
- Wenceslaus, Elector of Brandenburg (1373-1378)
Elected: Wenceslaus, King of the Romans
This was the first election to be carried out following the enactment of the Golden Bull, which laid out in exact terms the qualifications of the electors, the manner of holding elections and was the basis of every election thenceforward. Wenceslaus, son of Emperor Charles IV, and then holding the dignity of Elector of Brandenburg, was elected as Charles' heir, King of the Romans. He succeeded as king when Charles died two years later on November 29, 1378, at which point he also became King of Bohemia.
[edit] Election of 1400 (1)
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz (1396-1419)
- Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier (1388-1418)
- Friedrich III von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne (1372-1414)
- Rupert III, Elector Palatine (1398-1410)
- Rudolph III, Elector of Saxony (1388-1419)
- Jobst, Elector of Brandenburg (1388-1411)
Elected: Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Dissatisfied with Wenceslaus' performance of his duties as King of Germany, the electors met to consider alternatives. Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg was elected in opposition to Wenceslaus. However, the three spiritual electors of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne, (and of course Wenceslaus himself) did not concur with the election, which was therefore legally invalid, as supported by only a minority of the electors. Frederick was assassinated two weeks later, on June 5, 1400.
[edit] Election of 1400 (2)
Place: Rhens-am-Rhein
Electors:
- Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz (1396-1419)
- Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier (1388-1418)
- Friedrich III von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne (1372-1414)
- Rupert III, Elector Palatine (1398-1410)
Elected: Rupert, King of Germany
The three spiritual electors and Rupert met again to formally depose King Wenceslaus on August 20, 1400. The next day Rupert was chosen unanimously as the new King of Germany. However, the Elector of Saxony (Rudolph III, 1388-1419), the Elector of Brandenburg (Jobst, 1388-1411) and the King of Bohemia (Wenceslaus, 1378-1419) were not present, and Wenceslaus never admitted the validity of his deposition and the election of Rupert.
[edit] Elections of 1410
Dates: September 20, 1410, and October 1, 1410
Electors:
- Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz (1396-1419)
- Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier (1388-1418)
- Friedrich III von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne (1372-1414)
- Wenceslaus IV, King of Bohemia (1378-1419)
- Louis III, Elector Palatine (1410-1436)
- Rudolph III, Elector of Saxony (1388-1419)
- Jobst, Elector of Brandenburg (1388-1411)
Elected: Sigismund and Jobst of Moravia
These elections followed the death of Rupert of Germany on May 18, 1410. On September 20, three of the electors irregularly proclaimed Sigismund, King of Hungary, the son of the late Emperor Charles IV as King. They included Frederick, Burggrave of Nuremberg, acting on behalf of Sigismund and claiming to represent the Electorate of Brandenburg, but not authorized by the then-current Margrave, Jobst of Moravia.
The doubtful election of Sigismund in September was not accepted by the remaining electors. On October 1, 1410, they elected Jobst of Moravia in opposition to his nephew Sigismund, but Jobst died only three months later. The elections of 1410 were the last to result in a competing king and antiking.
[edit] Election of 1411
Electors:
- Johann II von Nassau, Elector of Mainz (1396-1419)
- Werner von Falkenstein, Elector of Trier (1388-1418)
- Friedrich III von Saarwerden, Elector of Cologne (1372-1414)
- Wenceslaus IV, King of Bohemia (1378-1419)
- Louis III, Elector Palatine (1410-1436)
- Rudolph III, Elector of Saxony (1388-1419)
- Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1411-1415), also King of Hungary
Elected: Sigismund, King of Germany
Following the death of Jobst on January 18, 1411, there was no further obstacle to Sigismund (now undisputed Elector of Brandenburg) being accepted as King by all the electors. An election was duly held after six months. By accepting this election, Sigismund tacitly admitted to the invalidity of his election in 1410.
[edit] Election of 1438
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Theodoric Schenk of Erbach, Elector of Mainz (1434-1459)
- Raban von Helmstatt, Elector of Trier (1430-1439)
- Dietrich II von Mors, Elector of Cologne (1414-1463)
- Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436-1449)
- Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1428-1464)
- Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1415-1440)
Elected: Albert, King of Germany
This election followed the death of Emperor Sigismund on December 9, 1437.
Albert, the elected King, though nominally King of Bohemia by virtue of his marriage to Elisabeth II of Bohemia, was not crowned until after the election. As he was fighting the Bohemians at the time, Albert was not present at his own election.
The Electorate of Brandenburg was conferred in 1415 upon the House of Hohenzollern, where it remained through the end of the Empire.
[edit] Election of 1440
Date: February 2, 1440
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Theodoric Schenk of Erbach, Elector of Mainz (1434-1459)
- Jakob von Sierk, Elector of Trier (1439-1456)
- Dietrich II von Mors, Elector of Cologne (1414-1463)
- Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436-1449)
- Frederick II, Elector of Saxony (1428-1464)
- Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1415-1440)
The place of the King of Bohemia at this election was vacant, because the previous king Albert had died (October 27, 1439) leaving his wife Elisabeth pregnant. Their child, Ladislas the Posthumous, was not born until February 22, 1440, ten days after the election.
Elected: Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
[edit] Election of 1486
Date: February 16, 1486
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild, Elector of Mainz (1484-1504)
- Johann II of Baden, Elector of Trier (1456-1503)
- Hermann IV of Hesse, Elector of Cologne (1480-1508)
- Vladislaus II, King of Bohemia (1471-1516)
- Philip, Elector Palatine (1476-1508)
- Ernest, Elector of Saxony (1464-1486)
- Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg (1470-1486)
Elected: Maximilian I, King of the Romans
Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, was elected King of the Romans, and succeeded his father, Frederick III, on the latter's death on August 19, 1493. As Maximilian was unwilling to undertake the journey to Rome for the Imperial coronation, the Pope in 1508 granted him the title of Romanorum Imperator Electus, "Elected Roman Emperor" or "Roman Emperor by election" (rather than by coronation). Subsequent electees retained the right to call themselves Emperor, rather than merely King, without Papal coronation.
[edit] Election of 1519
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Albert of Mainz, Elector of Mainz (1514-1545)
- Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollraths, Elector of Trier (1511-1531)
- Hermann of Wied, Elector of Cologne (1515-1546)
- Louis II Jagiellon, King of Bohemia (1516-1526), also King of Hungary
- Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508-1544)
- Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (1486-1525)
- Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg (1499-1535)
Elected: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
This election followed the death of Emperor Maximilian on January 12, 1519. It was one of the most hotly contested elections of the later Empire. There was no German contender; The two main candidates were Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles, a Duke of Burgundy, who had recently become King of Spain, and Francis I, the King of France. Running as a dark-horse candidate was Henry VIII, King of England. Although Charles was a Habsburg by paternal ancestry, and the grandson of the late Emperor Maximilian I, he spoke French, not German, and was felt to be as much of a foreigner as King Francis; while the experiment of giving the Empire to the monarch of a foreign power (in this case Spain) had never been tried. On the other hand, France and the Empire had not been joined since the days of the Carolingians.
Charles and Francis tried to outdo each other in voluminous bribes; Charles, whose income was augmented by Spain's silver mines in America, in the end had deeper pockets. Charles could count on the vote of the King of Bohemia, his brother-in-law; Francis had bought the Elector of Trier; up for grabs were the Electors of Mainz, Brandenburg, and the Palatinate. Although full details of the election were never revealed, it is possible that the Electors sought a way out of their dilemma by electing the Elector of Saxony Emperor, but that he turned them down. In the end, Charles was elected unanimously, though with some misgivings by the Elector of Brandenburg.
[edit] Election of 1531
Place: Cologne
Electors:
- Albert of Mainz, Elector of Mainz (1514-1545)
- Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollraths, Elector of Trier (1511-1531)
- Hermann of Wied, Elector of Cologne (1515-1546)
- Ferdinand, King of Bohemia (1526-1564), also King of Hungary
- Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508-1544)
- John, Elector of Saxony (1525-1532)
- Joachim I, Elector of Brandenburg (1499-1535)
Elected: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans
Charles V, who had realized that the entirety of the Habsburg dominions could not be ruled by one man, had settled the rule of the original Habsburg lands in Austria upon his brother Ferdinand — who in 1526 also became King of Bohemia and Hungary. While Charles would have liked the Imperial crown to pass to his own son Philip, the German princes, having had experience of an Emperor who was rarely in the Empire (at a time of both internal religious strife, and external threats from the Ottoman Turks), lobbied instead for Ferdinand. As a compromise, Charles acquiesced in the election of Ferdinand as his heir (King of the Romans), with the stipulation that Philip should succeed Ferdinand (though this did not in fact happen). Despite being elected in 1531, Ferdinand had to wait over a quarter-century before succeeding as Emperor with Charles' abdication in 1558.
The election took place in the middle of the Protestant Reformation, with the first splits appearing between Catholic and Protestant electors. The electors of Mainz and Brandenburg were strongly pro-Catholic, while the elector of Saxony was pro-Protestant; the elector of Cologne, though a bishop, showed Reforming tendencies, and would eventually be deposed from his episcopate in 1546. At this point, it was still far from certain that a compromise between Catholics and Lutherans could not be reached.
[edit] Election of 1562
Date: November 28, 1562
Place: Regensburg
Electors:
- Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Elector of Mainz (1555-1582)
- Johann V von der Leyen, Elector of Trier (1556-1567)
- Friedrich IV von Wied, Elector of Cologne (1562-1567)
- Ferdinand, King of Bohemia (1526-1564), Emperor and also King of Hungary
- Frederick III, Elector Palatine (1559-1576)
- Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1553-1586)
- Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (1535-1571)
Elected: Maximilian II, King of the Romans
This election took place during the lifetime of Emperor Ferdinand I. Maximilian, elected as King of the Romans succeeded as Emperor on Ferdinand's death less than two years later on July 25, 1564.
This was the first election in which a member of the Albertine line of Saxon electors participated; they had displaced the elder, Ernestine line in 1547.
By 1562 the divisions between Catholic and Protestant had become entrenched in the Empire. The spiritual electors remained Catholic, as did the King of Bohemia. The Elector Palatine, however, had become a Calvinist Protestant; the Saxon elector was Lutheran, as was the elector of Brandenburg, who had converted to Lutheranism just a few years before.
[edit] Election of 1575
Date: October 27, 1575
Place: Regensburg
Electors:
- Daniel Brendel von Homburg, Elector of Mainz (1555-1582)
- Jakob III von Eltz, Elector of Trier (1567-1581)
- Salentin VII of Isenburg-Grenzau, Elector of Cologne (1567-1577)
- Maximilian, King of Bohemia (1564-1576), Emperor and also King of Hungary
- Frederick III, Elector Palatine (1559-1576)
- Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1553-1586)
- John George, Elector of Brandenburg (1571-1598)
Elected: Rudolph II, King of the Romans
Rudolph, then titular King of Hungary, was elected during the lifetime of his father Maximilian II as King of the Romans. When Maximilian died on October 12, 1576, Rudolph became Emperor.
Religious divisions among the electors remained as they had been at the previous election.
[edit] Election of 1612
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, Elector of Mainz (1604-1626)
- Lothar von Metternich, Elector of Trier (1599-1623)
- Ferdinand of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1612-1650)
- Matthias, King of Bohemia (1611-1618), also King of Hungary
- Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1610-1623)
- John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611-1656)
- John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1608-1619)
Elected: Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor
The election followed the death of Emperor Rudolph II on January 20, 1612. Ferdinand of Bavaria promoted the election of his brother Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria as Emperor; however, Maximilian refused to accept the throne. Instead, Rudolph's next surviving brother, Matthias, who had already taken power in Bohemia and Hungary, was elected.
Religious divisions among the electors remained as they had been at the previous election.
[edit] Election of 1619
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg, Elector of Mainz (1604-1626)
- Lothar von Metternich, Elector of Trier (1599-1623)
- Ferdinand of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1612-1650)
- Ferdinand, King of Bohemia (1618-1637), also King of Hungary
- Frederick V, Elector Palatine (1610-1623), claimant to the crown of Bohemia
- John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611-1656)
- John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (1608-1619)
Elected: Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
This election, following the death of Emperor Matthias on March 20, 1619, occurred coincident with the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. Two days before the election, the Estates of Bohemia had deposed Ferdinand and elected Frederick, the Palatine Elector, as king of their nation. Nonetheless, the other Electors refused to hear a deputation from the Bohemian Estates and confirmed Ferdinand as Bohemian Elector, with only the Palatine delegation objecting. The Elector Palatine, after casting a vote for Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria, retracted his vote and also voted for Ferdinand.
Coming just seven years after the previous election, the lineup of electors, save for the King of Bohemia, was identical to that of 1612, as were the religious affiliations of the electors.
[edit] Election of 1636
Date: December 22, 1636
Place: Regensburg
Electors:
- Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt, Elector of Mainz (1629-1647)
- Philipp Christof von Sotern, Elector of Trier (1623-1652)
- Ferdinand of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1612-1650)
- Ferdinand, titular King of Bohemia (1627-1646), also titular King of Hungary
- Maximilan I of Bavaria, Elector Palatine (1623-1648) (Elector of Bavaria 1648-1651)
- John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611-1656)
- George William, Elector of Brandenburg (1619-1640)
Elected: Ferdinand III, King of the Romans
This election took place during the course of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand II. His son, Ferdinand III, who had already been named King of Bohemia in 1627, was elected King of the Romans, and duly became Emperor on the death of his father less than three months later on February 15, 1637.
In 1621, early in the war, Frederick V, Elector Palatine was deprived of his electorate and territories; his son would not regain them until 1648. In February 1623, the electoral vote and office of the Palatinate were formally transferred to the Duke of Bavaria, a distant cousin. As the Bavarian elector was Catholic, the council of electors now consisted of five Catholics and two Lutherans.
[edit] Election of 1653
Place: Augsburg
Electors:
- Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Elector of Mainz (1647-1673)
- Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, Elector of Trier (1652-1676)
- Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1650-1688)
- Ferdinand, titular King of Bohemia (1646-1654), also titular King of Hungary
- Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (1651-1679)
- John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611-1656)
- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640-1688)
- Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (1648-1680)
Elected: Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans
The election of Ferdinand as King of the Romans was intended to provide an heir to automatically succeed to the throne of Emperor Ferdinand III. However, Ferdinand died of smallpox on July 9, 1654, a year after his election.
This was the first election following the end of the Thirty Years' War. By the treaties ending that war, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was given a new Palatine electorate; however, the Duke of Bavaria retained the old Palatine electorate that had been given him in 1623, under the title of "Elector of Bavaria". The electoral council now contained five Catholics, two Lutherans (Brandenburg and Saxony), and a Calvinist (Palatinate). However, after the Thirty Years' War, religious differences played a smaller role in Imperial politics.
[edit] Election of 1658
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Johann Philipp von Schönborn, Elector of Mainz (1647-1673)
- Karl Kaspar von der Leyen, Elector of Trier (1652-1676)
- Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1650-1688)
- Leopold, King of Bohemia (1656-1705), also King of Hungary
- Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria (1651-1679)
- John George II, Elector of Saxony (1656-1680)
- Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640-1688)
- Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (1648-1680)
Elected: Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
This election followed on the death of Emperor Ferdinand III, on April 2, 1657.
[edit] Election of 1690
Date: January 23, 1690
Place:
Electors:
- Anselm Frans von Ingelheim, Elector of Mainz (1679-1695)
- Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Elector of Trier (1676-1711)
- Joseph Clemens of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1688-1723)
- Leopold, King of Bohemia (1656-1705), Emperor and also King of Hungary
- Maximilian II, Elector of Bavaria (1679-1726)
- John George III, Elector of Saxony (1680-1691)
- Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1688-1713)
- Philip William, Elector Palatine (1685-1690)
Elected: Joseph I, King of the Romans
This election took place while the Emperor Leopold I was still alive. His son and successor, Joseph I, was crowned King of the Romans, but had to be content with this lesser title for fifteen years, until the death of his father on May 5, 1705, when he became Emperor without opposition. The War of the Grand Alliance was raging during this election.
The inheritance of the Palatinate by Philip William, head of a Catholic branch of the same family, now gave the electoral council six Catholic votes to two Lutheran ones.
[edit] Election of 1711
Date: October 12, 1711
Place:
Electors:
- Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Elector of Mainz (1694-1729)
- Charles Joseph of Lorraine, Elector of Trier (1711-1715)
- Charles, King of Bohemia (1711-1740), also King of Hungary and claimant to the throne of Spain
- John William, Elector Palatine (1690-1716)
- Frederick-Augustus I, Elector of Saxony (1694-1733), also King of Poland
- Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (1688-1713), also King in Prussia
- George I, Elector of Hanover (1698-1727)
Elected: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
This election followed on the death of Emperor Joseph I on April 17, 1711, and took place during the War of the Spanish Succession. It was the first election in which the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (a Lutheran) cast his vote as Elector of Hanover, following the conferral of the ninth electorate in 1692. The addition of the Hanoverian elector to some extent restored the balance between Protestant and Catholic electors; however, the conversion of the Elector of Saxony in 1697 to Catholicism (in order to become eligible as a candidate for the crown of Poland) left the council lopsidedly Catholic once again.
The Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian II (1679-1726), did not vote in this election, as he had been deprived of his electorate in 1706 for taking part with the Emperor's enemies. His brother, the Elector of Cologne, Joseph Clemens of Bavaria (1688-1723) had fled to France and was likewise not present at the election. Both electors recovered their electorates at the end of the war in 1714.
[edit] Election of 1742
Date: January 24, 1742
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Philipp Karl von Eltz, Elector of Mainz (1732-1743)
- Francis George of Schönborn-Buchheim, Elector of Trier (1729-1756)
- Clemens August of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1723-1761)
- Charles Albert, King of Bohemia (1741-1743) and Elector of Bavaria (1726-1745)
- Frederick-Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (1733-1763), also King of Poland
- Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (1740-1786), also King in Prussia
- Charles III, Elector Palatine (1716-1742)
- George II, Elector of Hanover (1727-1760), also King of Great Britain
Elected: Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor
This election took place during the War of the Austrian Succession. It was the first election in over three hundred years in which a Habsburg was not elected Emperor. Following the death of Emperor Charles VI on October 20, 1740, The Elector of Bavaria had invaded Bohemia and was crowned king of that land, thereby securing two electorates and shutting Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, out of the election, whose legitimacy she did not accept until after the Emperor's death.
[edit] Election of 1745
Date: September 13, 1745
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein, Elector of Mainz (1743-1763)
- Francis George of Schönborn-Buchheim, Elector of Trier (1729-1756)
- Clemens August of Bavaria, Elector of Cologne (1723-1761)
- Maria Theresa, Queen of Bohemia (1743-1780), also Queen of Hungary
- Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria (1745-1777)
- Frederick-Augustus II, Elector of Saxony (1733-1763), also King of Poland
- Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (1740-1786), also King in Prussia
- Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine (1742-1799)
- George II, Elector of Hanover (1727-1760), also King of Great Britain
Elected: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
This election took place in the middle of the War of the Austrian Succession, and marked the return of the Imperial crown to Habsburg hands. Emperor Charles VII died on January 20, 1745. The Elector Palatine and the Elector of Brandenburg, who opponents of Austria in the war, abstained from voting.
[edit] Election of 1764
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Emmerich Joseph von Briedbach, Elector of Mainz (1763-1774)
- Johann Philipp von Walderdorf, Elector of Trier (1756-1768)
- Maximilian Friedrich von Königsegg-Rothenfels, Elector of Cologne (1761-1784)
- Maria Theresa, Queen of Bohemia (1740-1780), also Queen of Hungary
- Maximilian III, Elector of Bavaria (1745-1777)
- Frederick-Augustus III, Elector of Saxony (1763-1806)
- Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (1740-1786), also King in Prussia
- Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine (1742-1799)
- George III, Elector of Hanover (1760-1806), also King of Great Britain
Elected: Joseph II, King of the Romans
The election of 1764 took place while Emperor Francis I was still alive, with a view toward assuring the continuity of succession; the prince-elect would be known only as King of the Romans until the Emperor died, at which point he became Emperor without the necessity of a further election. The timing was apt, as Emperor Francis died the next year, August 18, 1765.
[edit] Election of 1790
Date: September 30, 1790
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Friedrich Karl Joseph, Elector of Mainz (1774-1802)
- Clemens Wenceslaus, Elector of Trier (1768-1803)
- Maximilian Franz, Elector of Cologne (1784-1801)
- Leopold, King of Bohemia (1790-1792), also King of Hungary and Grand Duke of Tuscany
- Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (1777-1799)
- Frederick-Augustus III, Elector of Saxony (1763-1806)
- Frederick William II, Elector of Brandenburg (1786-1797), also King of Prussia
- George III, Elector of Hanover (1760-1806), also King of Great Britain
Elected: Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold, brother of Joseph II, was elected when the French Revolution had begun, but being still in its constitutional phase, seemed to pose no serious threat to the established institutions of Europe. Leopold, as Grand Duke of Tuscany during his brother's reign, had been a reformer, and his election as Emperor suggested the spread of his reforms to, at least, his Austrian and Hungarian dominions if not throughout the Empire. The degeneration of the French situation and Leopold's early death prevented these reforms from coming to fruition.
Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, succeeded as Duke and Elector of Bavaria December 30, 1777. In accordance with previous provisions for the merger of the family lines, the electoral vote of the Palatinate was suppressed in favor of the Bavarian vote.
[edit] Election of 1792
Place: Frankfurt
Electors:
- Friedrich Karl Joseph, Elector of Mainz (1774-1802)
- Clemens Wenceslaus, Elector of Trier (1768-1803)
- Maximilian Franz, Elector of Cologne (1784-1801)
- Francis, King of Bohemia (1792-1835), also King of Hungary
- Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (1742-1799)
- Frederick-Augustus III, Elector of Saxony (1763-1806)
- Frederick William II, Elector of Brandenburg (1786-1797), also King of Prussia
- George III, Elector of Hanover (1760-1806), also King of Great Britain
Elected: Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Leopold II had died on March 1, 1792; less than two months later, France declared war upon Francis II, not as Emperor (since he had not yet been elected) but as "King of Hungary". The electors met in Frankfurt among growing concerns about the revolutionary situation in France; however, it was generally believed that a united coalition could put down the revolutionaries easily, and it was not foreseen that the French Revolution would lead to a war that would sweep away the Empire.
Before Francis II died in 1835, the electorates of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier were abolished; new electorates were created in Regensburg, Salzburg, Württemberg, Baden, and Hesse-Kassel (1803); Francis went from being King of Bohemia to Emperor of Austria (1804); and the entire Empire was abolished in 1806.
