Super Typhoon Patsy

Category 4 super typhoon (SSHS)
Patsy with 110 mph winds on November 17
Formed	November 14, 1970
Dissipated	November 22, 1970
Highest winds	155 mph[1] (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	918 mbar[1]
Damage	$80 million (1970 USD)[1] $403 million (2005 USD)
Fatalities	271+
Areas affected	Philippines, Vietnam
Part of the 1970 Pacific typhoon season

Super Typhoon Patsy was the 27^th tropical or subtropical cyclone, 12^th typhoon, and 7^th super typhoon of the 1970 Pacific typhoon season.

November 14, 1970 brought the sufficient organization of a tropical disturbance ti be designated a tropical depression. A steady intensification carried the system's, now Tropical Storm Patsy, windspeeds up to 155 mph and a pressure of 918 mb. It made landfall in Luzon with 130 mph sustained wind speeds on the 19^th.^[2] After emerging in the South China Sea, Patsy remained at tropical storm strength. It struck Vietnam during its Civil War as a weak tropical storm on the 22^nd. The 8-day-old cycone dissipated shortly after its final landfall.

[edit] Storm History

A tropical disturbance was spotted south-southeast of Wake Island on November 10 and moved west. Warm waters and weakened shear allowed the storm to organize itself into Tropical Depression 27W on November 14 near the Marianas Islands. A strong ridge to its north forced it westward, where it strengthened to tropical storm status later on the 14^th, receiving the name Patsy.

When Patsy was just barely at the threshold of tropical storm sustained winds, it slowed down and passed just north of Saipan. Patsy continued to steadily intensify, reaching typhoon strength on the 16^th, 200 miles northwest of Guam. The tropical cyclone and peaking at 155 mph on the 18^th.

Its inflow became disrupted by the Philippines to its west, and Patsy hit Luzon on the 19th with winds of 130 mph, making it the 3rd strong typhoon since September to strike the island. After crossing the island, Patsy traversed the South China Sea, where cooler waters kept the system a tropical storm. On November 22, Patsy struck Vietnam, and dissipated soon after.

[edit] Impact

Deaths caused by Patsy reached 271 people, injured 1,756, and another 351 people were missing. Damage totals came in at $80 million (1970 USD, $403 million 2005 USD), mostly from the Philippines.

[edit] Philippines

Typhoon Patsy was one of the deadliest typhoons to strike the Philippines in its history. 106 people were killed (with 351 missing) on the island, and 135 people were killed at sea due to shipping failures. The U.S.S. President Taft was separated from its anchorage and collided with the Alikimon, a Greek vessel, while in the Manila Bay. Another two ships were blown ashore in the Manila Bay. On land, 31,380 of the refugees home were either completely destroyed or partially damaged.

[edit] Vietnam

Because the Vietnam War was raging at that time, its difficult to say about the damage or death toll, but estimates say that 30 people died in Vietnam.

[edit] Lack of retirement

Despite the large amount of damage, Patsy was not retired and was used again in 1973 and 1977.

[edit] Records

Patsy became the deadliest tropical cyclone to strike Manila since the establishment of the Philippine Weather Bereau in 1965 after it passed through the area.^[1]

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones

[edit] External links

• JTWC Report
• Unisys track
• JMA Track

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html

Tropical Storm Hermine

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Hermine at peak intensity
Formed	August 27, 2004
Dissipated	August 31, 2004
Highest winds	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	1002 mbar
Damage	Minimal
Fatalities	None reported
Areas affected	Massachusetts
Part of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Hermine was the eigth tropical storm of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] Storm History

Hermine formed out of a nearly stationary front about 325 miles (520 km) southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, or 360 miles (580 km) west of Bermuda on August 27, becoming Tropical Depression 8. It was the same front that Gaston developed from. It slowly organized itself enough to become a tropical storm and became the eigth storm of the season with the name Hermine.

Hermine moved very rapidly north towards Cape Cod. During its northward trek, Hermine left behind most of its convection. The storm made landfall near New Bedford, Massachusetts, early on August 31, appearing as little more than a low-level swirl of clouds.

Hermine became extratropical a few hours after its first landfall, shortly before a second and final landfall in southern Maine. The remnant low center tracked up the Bay of Fundy later on August 31.

[edit] Impact

Some rainfall and thunderstorms over Long Island and parts of New England were attributed to Hermine, but most people did not realize a tropical storm had struck.^[3]

A few bands of heavy rains and tropical storm force winds gust were recorded over eastern Massachusetts, but no sustained winds of tropical storm strength were measured in the area. Rainfall over Cape Cod and the adjacent islands was mostly less than half an inch. However, the rainbands from Hurricane Gaston began to spread over the same area shortly after Hermine moved off of Cape Cod. This made it difficult to separate the rainfall amounts between these two systems.

There were no casualties or reports of major damage caused by Hermine. But locally heavy rain in portions of southern New Brunswick, which received 40-55 mm (about 2 inches). Minor basement flooding and street closures were also reported in Moncton, New Brunswick.^[4]

[edit] Lack of retirement

Due to the very minimal amount of damage, Hermine was not retired and is expected to be used in the 2010 season.

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones

[edit] External links

• NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Hermine

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html

Typhoon Louise

Category 1 typhoon (SSHS)
Formed	October 2, 1945
Dissipated	October 12, 1945
Highest winds	75 mph (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	969 mbar (hPa)
Damage	Unavailable
Fatalities	36+
Areas affected	Japan
Part of the 1945 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Louise

[edit] Storm history

Louise was first seen developing on October 2 in the Caroline Islands. It unexpectedly veered north and slowed down, only to intensify as it passed over Okinawa with 90 mph wind gusts and a minimum central pressure of 968.5 mbar. Shortly after, Louise began to weaken, and hit Japan as a strong tropical storm. The tropical cyclone became extratropical shortly after on October 12.

[edit] Impact

In Okinawa, 36 people died, 47 people were reported missing, and 100 people were seriously injured. In Buckner Bay, 30-35 waves were reported to have crashed ashore, tearing into the quonset huts and other building. 12 ships were sunk, 222 ships were grounded, and another 32 were severely damaged. 80% of the builings in the bay were completely wiped out while all 60 airplanes at the local aiports were damaged, but fortunately, most were repairable. 107 amphibious craft (including the wrecking of four tank landing ships, two medium landing ships, a gunboat, and two infantry landing craft) were grounded and damaged.

[edit] Trivia

If World War II hadn't ended on September 2, 1945, the widespread damage in Okinawa would've played a large factor in the planned invasion of Japan.

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones
• Tropical cyclone

[edit] External links

• Unisys track
• Information on the impact in Okinawa

Tropical Storm Kammuri

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Kammuri near peak intensity
Formed	August 2, 2002
Dissipated	August 5, 2002
Highest winds	60 mph (95 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	987 mbar
Damage	Unavailable
Fatalities	107 direct
Areas affected	China
Part of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season

Tropical Storm Kammuri (designated Tropical Storm Lagalag by PAGASA) was the sixteenth tropical cyclone and twelth named storm of the 2002 Pacific typhoon season. Kammuri was a name contributed by Japan which means 'crown'. Lagalag was a Filipino name and an adjective meaning 'wandering', or 'roving'.

[edit] Storm History

The formative stage of Kammuri traces back to a large monsoon gyre east of Luzon in late July and early August. The disturbance was first spotted early on August 2 as an area of convection which had persisted approximately 270 nm west of Luzon in the South China Sea. The system was upgraded to Tropical Depression 16W six hours later as it tracked west-northwestward at 7 kts. The system turned northward early the next morning under the influence of a low to mid-level ridge over the East China Sea. 16W accelerated to 13 kts while turning back to the west at around midday as it became less influenced by the southwesterly monsoon flow. The system was consolidating, and by the evening of the 3rd, the cyclone was upgraded to a tropical storm and assigned the name Kammuri.

On August 4, Kammuri was moving westward at 4 kts. Soon afterwards, a surge in the southwest monsoon was pushing Kammuri on an east-northeast heading by this time and the cyclone started to lift out of the monsoon trough. Gradually turning to the north, the tropical cyclone approached the Chinese coast. Kammuri made landfall with winds of 60 mph at 2200 UTC, just east of Shanwei. The storm began to accelerate ahead of an approaching mid-latitude low-pressure system and was downgraded to a tropical depression on the 5^th as it moved farther inland. The surface cyclone dissipated over the mountainous coastline of eastern China and its remnants linked up with a cold front by the end of the day.

[edit] Impact

A total of 107 deaths occurred as a result of Kammuri's passage, with most of the damage and casualties in southern China due to the rain-induced flooding caused by the combination of a cold front and the remnants of the tropical cyclone. Flood damage destroyed crops, bridges, tunnels and power lines. The storm, accompanied by torrential rains, ripped through the coastal cities of Shanwei, Shantou and Lufeng in the eastern part of Guangdong Province, causing extensive damage. A great deal of crop land was flooded, and many bridges, tunnels and power lines were destroyed. ater and electricity supplies in some of the storm-hit areas were also cut off. In Wuhua County alone, 10 farmers were killed when they were swallowed by a massive landslide. In Shantou, two people were electrocuted when they were repairing power facilities amid heavy rain. Torrential rains caused 28 deaths in Guangdong while four deaths were reported in Quanzhou. In Hunan Province, the death toll reached 75 persons. Direct economic losses are estimated at 4.219 billion yuan. The reported number of collapsed houses was 20,182.^[5]

In Fujian province, Yongchun measured 284.3 mm of rainfall, which was a daily record for the station. Hongwuyi, in Yongchun County, reported 315 mm during the same period- which was the highest daily amount in the history of that station as well. Taiwan received 325 mm of rain at Tung Ho, in Taitung county in 27 hours. Cheng Kung, Taiwan, recorded a daily amount of 591 mm on 5 August (local time)--a new record for the station.

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones

[edit] External links

• Unisys best track

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt

Typhoon Aere

Category 2 typhoon (SSHS)
Aere early on August 24 at peak intensity
Formed	August 19, 2004
Dissipated	August 31, 2004
Highest winds	85 kts (100 mph) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	955 mbar (hPa)
Damage	$313,000+ (2004 USD) $321,451+ (2005 USD)
Fatalities	107 direct
Areas affected	Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, China
Part of the 2004 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Aere (designated Typhoon Marce by PAGASA)^[6] was a mid-season category two typhoon that brought severe damage to Taiwan and China. Aere is the Marshallese word for 'storm'.

[edit] Storm history

An area of convection developed approximately 250 miles east of Pohnpei late on August 13. By August 16, the disturbance had passed 40 miles north of Chuuk. It developed enough organization to be designated a tropical depression on August 19, about 400 miles west of Guam. From there, it moved northwest at 12 mph along the southwestern periphery of a mid-level steering ridge. The system reached tropical storm status on August 20, gaining the name Aere.

Aere subsequently crossed into the Philippine Area of Responsibility, and was assigned the name Marce. Tropical Storm Aere was upgraded to typhoon intensity on August 21, and its strength leveled off during August 21 and August 22. On August 23, the typhoon was briefly downgraded to a tropical storm due to vertical wind shear while located 200 miles south of Naha, Okinawa. Aere quickly regained typhoon status and maintained its intensity for the rest of August 23 and developed a 50-mile wide eye. The tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity of 85 kts (100 mph) late on August 24, when the pressure lowered to 955 mb.

As the storm crossed the northern tip of Taiwan, it began to weaken. Typhoon Aere turned west-southwestward on the August 25 and made its closest approach to Taipei, Taiwan, passing only 30 miles to the city's north. Aere turned southwestward later that day, a trajectory that carried the storm past Xiamen early the next day and close to Shantou later that day before weakening to tropical storm intenstiy. The remnants of Typhoon Aere remained a tropical depression until the August 31.

[edit] Preparations

Some 937,000 people were evacuated before the typhoon's arrival. The local government of Fuzhou ordered work to stop at all construction sites and schools and universities when the city was under their first Black Typhoon Signal in history. A Black Typhoon Signal, the most severe of their five grades, indicates that a tropical cyclone is affecting the district or is to affect the district within the next 12 hours with sustained wind of hurricane strength. The evacuation of 930,000 people from low-lying and coastal areas in China helped keep their death toll at zero.

[edit] Impact

In Taiwan, Matala in Miaoli County reported a significant 1,546 mm of rain between the 23rd and 25^th. Early on September 25, six villages located in Gaoqiao Town, Yinzhou District, Ningbo City, were struck by a tornado triggered by Typhoon Aere. The tornado did cause some economic losses, but no casualties were reported.

Preliminary statistics indicated that the typhoon had caused 2.485 billion yuan of direct economic losses and was responsible for two deaths in Fujian province. Aere also affected 3,479,900 residents in 421 towns of 48 counties of 6 cities in Fujian, where three cities were flooded, 10,100 houses were toppled, 236 embankments and thousands of water conservancy facilities were damaged.

News sources to date indicate that Taiwan took the brunt of Typhoon Aere. Thirty-four people were killed as a result of the storm, and fifteen died as a mudslide buried a remote mountain village in the north of the island. Agricultural losses were estimated at 7.7 million New Taiwan dollars ($313,000 2004 USD, $321,451 2005 USD). Forty-three deaths in the Philippines were caused by heavy rains induced by the typhoon. Nearly 16,000 people were evacuated from homes engulfed in floodwaters. A swollen river near the northern province of Nueva Ecija blocked traffic on a main road and stranded hundreds of commuters overnight. Eight provinces in northern and central Luzon were most severely affected with 70% of the provinces under water at one point.^[7]

Observations over land with Aere were numerous. In the Ryukyu Islands, the lowest pressure observed was 960.9 mbar (hPa) at Ishigakijima, which received 314.5 mm of rainfall between the 23rd and 25^th. Ishigakijima, Okinawa, spent as long as eight hours within Aere's eye, which was about 110 kilometers (67 miles) in diameter at the time. In China, the typhoon made four landfalls; one being in the mainland of Fujian Province, and two others were when passed over at least two of the Fujian islands, including Pingtan Dao (Fuzhou City) and Nanri Dao (Putian City). Fuding (located in Ningde City) reported the highest amount in Fujian province with 663 mm. Xiyang and Nanri received the highest wind gusts, with east-northeast winds of 98 mph (43.8 m/s) on the August 25 and northwest winds of 98 mph (43.8 m/s) early in the morning of the 25^th. Lanyu, Taiwan, reported a wind gust from the west-southwest at 99 mph (44.1 m/s) on August 24.

[edit] Lack of retirement

Despite the severe damage caused by Typhoon Aere, the name was not retired and will be used again.

[edit] See also

• Tropical cyclone
• List of notable tropical cyclones

[edit] External links

• BBC slideshow

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm

Hurricane Debby

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Debby near peak intensity
Formed	August 19
Dissipated	August 24
Highest winds	85 mph (65 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	991 mbar
Damage	$16.74 million (2000 USD) $18.93 million (2005 USD)
Fatalities	0 direct, 1 indirect
Areas affected	Leeward Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos, Cuba, Jamaica, Florida
Part of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Debby was a minimal category one hurricane in late August. One death from Debby was reported and $16.74 million (2000 USD $18.93 million 2005 USD) in damage was recorded. The tropical cyclone was the fourth tropical storm and second hurricane of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed east of the Windward Islands on August 19. The storm strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane the next day. Debby remained a somewhat disorganized hurricane for the rest of its life. It moved west, passing over the Leeward Islands, and just north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Debby dissipated off the southern coast of Cuba on the 24^th.

[edit] Storm history

Debby formed from a tropical wave moving off the African coast on August 16, with winds already at 60 mph, but with little circulation. While moving across the Atlantic, the wave became weaker, but gained more organization. Tropical Depression 7 formed 900 nautical miles east of the Windward Islands on August 19, weaker than before but more organized. 1 became a tropical storm 12 hours later, receiving the name Debby.

Tropical Storm Debby quickly strengthened to a Category 1 hurricane the next day. But the hurricane force winds were very concentrated; they only existed 25 miles from the center.^[8] A peak intensity of 85 mph was later measured in post-analysis, but with a minimum central pressure of only 1004 mbar. After weakening slightly, it reached its lowest pressure of 991 mbar in post-anallysis, but with only 80 mph winds.^[9]

Debby remained a somewhat disorganized hurricane for the rest of its life. It moved west, passing over Barbuda early on the August 22 with 75 mph winds. Shortly after, Debby also struck St. Barthelemy and Virgin Gorda as a minimal hurricane. From there, it moved west, just north of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. While passing just miles north of Hispaniola's coast, vertical shear and mountainous conditions weakened the tropical cyclone to a tropical storm. Debby dissipated off the southern coast of Cuba on August 24.

The remnants of Debby became a strong tropical wave that moved towards the Yucatan Peninsula,^[10] then curved northeast and brought strong winds to Cuba and southern Florida in the subsequent days.

[edit] Preparations

Several alerts were issued to the people of various Caribbean islands, such as Dominica and Puerto Rico, to warn them of the upcoming storm. In Philipsburg, St. Maarten, several shops in the downtown area were boarded up to prepare for the coming of Debby. Elsewhere within range of Debby's predicted path, homes were boarded up and families buried emergency supplies in the ground. Ten ships and two submarines off the coast of Vieques Island had to temperarily abandon their training exercises and moved 300 miles south of Puerto Rico, out of Debby's reach. On Antigua, many places had their electricity shut off to prevent storm damage. When the hurricane moved into waters off the coast of the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Hovensa Oil Refinery in St.Croix had to be shut down. This caused gas prices to raise.^[8]

Cuba evacuated around 7,000 people to remove themselves from Debby's projected path.^[11] And Florida declared a state of emergencey for the Florida Keys, even though the hurricane was still far from Florida.^[12]

[edit] Impact

[edit] Lesser Antilles

Throughout the Leeward Islands, gusty winds damaged fruit trees and power lines. In Barbuda, Debby caused moderate roof damage.^[13] A total of 1.5 inches (38 mm) of rain fell that half of the country of Antigua and Barbuda.^[11] In Antigua, downed utility poles and trees were spotted.^[14] Rainfall totals were at 0.91 inches (23 mm).^[11] St. Martin reported little rainfall as Debby almost uneventfully passed over the island. The only damage reported was some minor flooding and some plant and tree damage.^[15] Away from the storm in the southernmost end of the Antilles, Trinidad and Tobago had a feeder band develop over the country. That resulted in flooding in the Barrackpore region.^[16]

[edit] United States

In the United States Virgin Islands, damaged totaled to $200,000 (2000 USD, $222,000 2005 USD).^[17] Debby also dropped up to 12 inches of rainfall across Puerto Rico, causing mudslides and damaging bridges and roads.^[9] The maximum rainfall on the island was 12.63 inches in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Another close measurement was 12.16 inches in Cayey 1, Puerto Rico, though unofficial reports of 17 inches or rain in the interior mountains was recorded.^[12] 5 inches was reported to have fallen in San Juan, the capital of Puerto Rico.^[12] 406 homes were affected from the flooding, with damage totaling to $501,000 (2000 USD, $556,000 2005 USD), primarily in the Caguas municipality.^[17] Also on the island, the storm was indirectly responsible for one death; a 78-year-old^[12] man fell off his roof in San Juan^[18] when trying to remove his satellite antenna before the storm.^[9]

[edit] Other Caribbean Islands

On the northern coast of the Dominican Republic, waves and rainfall caused light to moderate damage.^[9] Twenty some homes in various places on the northern coast of the country were swept out to sea. At San José de Matanzas, several coconut trees were uprooted from the ground. Also, two houses were slightly damaged from wind gusts. In the nearby town of La Vega, bridges over the Piedra River and Jumunucu River collapsed due to the heavy rainfall and flooding. Another town, Salcedo, lost 6,000 hectares of bananas, with the damage costs at $16.34 million (2000 USD, $18.15 million 2005 USD) or RD$500,000 (2000 DOP.^[11] The country's Civil Defense Force stated that over 700 people on the northern coast were forced out of their homes after severe flooding.^[18] Port-De-Paix, Haiti, encountered some outer rain bands that tore away many tin roofs from the numerous shanties and flooded some homes. A small coast village, Carenage, experienced high winds that sunk at least five boats. Storm surge also swept away one home, but without any reports of injury or death.^[18] In Cuba, the remnants of Debby helped relieve a severe drought.^[9] Heavy rain rom Debby's remnants was also dropped on Jamaica.^[19]

[edit] Lack of retirement

Due to the minimal damage resulted from Debby, the name was not retired and will be used again in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] See also

• Tropical cyclone
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes

[edit] External links

• Hurricane Debby NHC Tropical Cyclone Report
• Hurricane Hunters in the eye of Debby
• Unisys track

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html

Hurricane Jose (1999)

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Jose over the Lesser Antilles in mid-October, 1999.
Formed	October 17, 1999
Dissipated	October 25, 1999
Highest winds	100 mph (165 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	979 mbar (hPa)
Damage	<$5 million (1999 USD) <$5.7 million (2005 USD)
Fatalities	2 direct
Areas affected	Leeward Islands, Puetro Rico
Part of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Jose was a Category 2 hurricane that affected the Leeward Islands between October 20 and October 25, 1999. It was the fourteenth tropical cyclone, twelfth named storm, and eighth hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season.

Jose formed on October 8 while 400 miles east of the Windward Islands. The storm quickly strengthened into a hurricane and over 2,000 people were evacuated from islands in its path. It moved northwest, and as the hurricane passed over Antigua, Saint-Barthélemy and St. Martin on the October 20 and October 21. Over a foot of rain fell on St. Martin. It weakened to a tropical storm as it approached the U.S. Virgin Islands and as it neared Puerto Rico, Jose turned to the north-northeast. Jose remained on a near-straight line track into the north Atlantic until it lost its tropical characteristics on October 25. It then merged with a non-tropical system.

Jose caused one death in Antigua and one in St. Martin. Extensive damage was reported in St. Martin from flooding and mud slides, but no dollar value is attached to this. Damage to the affected US areas was minimal.

[edit] Storm History

The hurricane orginated from a tropical wave that moved of the coast of Africa on October 8.^[20] The tropical wave moved slowly westward for several days untill it was halfway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa on October 15. On October 17, the system was declared a tropical depression at 1800 UTC near the Windward Islands. While moving west-northwestward, the depresson was upgraded to tropical storm status and was named Jose on October 18.^[20]

By October 19, a strong mid-tropospheric high over the southwestern north Atlantic was predicted to steer Tropical Storm Jose to a west-northwestward track. But the high pressure ridge weakened and thus the storm to turn north. Jose became a hurricane on October 19 and was centred about 150 miles east of the Leeward Islands. As it neared the islands, Jose's winds reached a peak of 100 mph (85 kts).^[20] Turning back on a northwest direction, Hurricane Jose struck the northern Leeward Islands, passing over Antigua around midday on August 20. The center of the storm then moved near St. Barthelemy and St. Martin on October 21.^[20]

As Jose moved over the Leeward Islands, a strong vertical wind shear disrupted the storm and Jose weakened to a tropical storm by the time it reached Tortola in the British Virgin Islands on August 21. On the same day, Jose turned back to the northwest as the center passed 50 miles east of Pueto Rico. Between August 22 and August 23, Jose turned northeastward and sped up. Jose then briefly regained hurricane strength as it bypassed east of Bermuda. The storm continued mortheastward before being declared an extratropical storm on August 25, when it merged with a mid-latitude low and a frong associated with the low.^[20]

[edit] Preparations

Twenty-four shelters were set up to be used when Jose passed over. 506 people used the shelters.^[21]

[edit] Impact

Antigua and Barbuda was strongly affected by the hurricane. The storm was damage was severe in both of the islands while damage was less in St. Kitts and Nevis was minor because the hurricane passed northward of those islands.

[edit] Antigua and Barbuda

In Angtigua and Barbuda, there was considerable flooding of major roads and 2,000 people were severely affected and were evacuated. About 516 of the people were housed in emergancy shelters.^[22] Across the island, the storm killed one person, injured 12, left an elderly blind man missing,^[23] and 500 houses were destroyed including a newly built church.^[24][22] In the village of Crab´s Hill, 64 of the 81 houses were ether seriously damaged or destroyed.^[22] The hurricane also disrupted 50% of telephone service and 90% of the homes were left without electricity.^[22]

[edit] Rest of Caribbean

In St. Kitts and Nevis, flooding was the principal hazard as several main roads were washed out and landslides were reported. In St Maarten, rainfall totaled to 13.75 inches, though much of the Leeward Islands received 12 to 15 inches of rain. Because of the rain, numerous mudslides and flash floods were reported, damaging buildings and roads. One person was reported have perished due to the storm's ferocity.^[20] Dominica received no more than a little rain, only being persistent for one morning.^[25] Damage in Puerto Rico was minimal, though up to 5 inches of rain fell in some areas on the island. The highest reported rainfall there was 6.54 inches in Rio Blanco Lower.

[edit] Aftermath

After the storm, several villages in Antigua and Barbuda were declared disater areas and Red Cross workers were called to clean up the damage.^[22]

[edit] Lack of retirement

Despite the damage, the name Jose was not retired and so it was used again in 2005 and is currently on the list for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] See also

• Tropical cyclone
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes

[edit] External Links

• Antigua and Barbuda Damage report
• Jose report
• BBC News
• Jose Damage report
• Associated Press
• Irish Examiner
• The Prime Minister of Antigua's address to the nation about Jose

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html
21. ^ http://1001resources.com/hosting/users/AT/news/Jose/reports/overview.html
22. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/99/3199.pdf
23. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CFMH?OpenDocument
24. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wjantigua.htm
25. ^ http://www.avirtualdominica.com/hurricanejose.htm

Jose (1999) Jose (1999) Jose (1999) Jose (1999)

Tropical Storm Hanna

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Hanna at peak intensity
Formed	September 12
Dissipated	September 15
Highest winds	60 mph (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	1001 mbar
Damage	$20 million (2002 USD)
Fatalities	3 direct
Areas affected	Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama
Part of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Hanna was the ninth tropical cyclone and eighth tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season. A tropical depression in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico formed into Tropical Storm Hanna on September 12. Hanna remained poorly organized, but held together long enough to make landfall near the border between Mississippi and Alabama on September 14. Although weak and disorganized, Hanna caused three drowning deaths due to rip currents, and $20 million in damage, primarily to agriculture in Georgia.

[edit] Storm history

A tropical wave passed just east of the Yucatan Peninsula and moved into the Gulf of Mexico on September 10. The wave began to organize itself into a tropical disturbance after a complex interaction between the tropical wave, an upper-level low, and a surgace trough in the wake of Hurricane Gustav. Tropical Depression 9 formed into Tropical Storm Hanna on September 12 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.

Hanna remained poorly organized, but held together long enough to make landfall near the border between Mississippi and Alabama on September 14.

[edit] Impact

Although weak and disorganized, Hanna caused three drowning deaths due to rip currents, and $20 million in damage, primarily to agriculture in Georgia. Minor beach erosion from Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Navarre Beach, Florida was reported to have occurred. In addition, there was some storm tide flooding in Moblie County and on Dauphin Island. Freshwater flooding in Donalsonville, Georgia caused damage to roughly 50 businesses and 250 homes. There were several other apparently minor flooding events. An F0 in southern Mobile County, Alabama was reported to have knocked some trees down.^[26]

The maximum amount of rain that fell in the United States was 15.56 inches in Donalsonville, Georgia.

[edit] Lack of retirement

Despite the damage and deaths associated with Tropical Storm Hanna, retirement of the name wasn't seen as needed. Therefore, the name Hanna is on the list of names to be used in the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes

[edit] External links

• Hanna's Tropical Cyclone Report

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html
21. ^ http://1001resources.com/hosting/users/AT/news/Jose/reports/overview.html
22. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/99/3199.pdf
23. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CFMH?OpenDocument
24. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wjantigua.htm
25. ^ http://www.avirtualdominica.com/hurricanejose.htm
26. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002hanna.shtml

Hurricane Dolly

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Dolly making landfall on August 20, 1996
Formed	August 19, 1996
Dissipated	August 26, 1996
Highest winds	80 mph (135 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	989 mbar (hPa)
Damage	Not available
Fatalities	14 direct
Areas affected	Mexico
Part of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Dolly was a category 1 hurricane that struck Mexico. The storm killed 14 people and left many homeless. Dolly was the fourth named storm and the third hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season.

Dolly was named on August 19 in the western Caribbean Sea between Jamaica and Honduras. Dolly strengthened and was a minimal hurricane at landfall near Chetumal, Quintana Roo on August 20. Weakened to a tropical storm, Dolly continued out into the Bay of Campeche, and it regained hurricane strength before a second landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas on August 23. The storm's remnants continued across Mexico before dissipating over the Pacific on the 26th.

Fourteen people were reported dead in Mexico. Hundreds of homes were destroyed, and large areas of crop land were flooded. A monetary estimate of the damage is not available.

[edit] Storm history

Dolly formed from a tropical wave which moved off the west coast of Africa and entered the Caribbean Sea between August 9 and August 18. The tropical wave was slightly disorganized until reports from hurricane hunter aircraft and ship suggested that the system reached tropical depression status on August 19. Six hours later, the depression became a tropical storm and was named Dolly, the fourth named storm of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season.^[27]

Dolly strengthened on on August 19 and August 20 as it moved west-northwest.^[27] Convection was became more organized before the storm made landfall on Yucatan peninsula northeast of Chetumal as a minimal hurricane. During its 24 hour passage over the Yucatan, Dolly weakened to a tropical storm, but restrengthened back into a hurricane over the Bay of Campeche. Dolly retained hurricane status with peak winds at 80 mph (135 km/h) and a pressure of 989 mbar before making its final landfall between Tuxpan and Tampico, Mexico on August 23.^[27]

Dolly weakened to a tropical depression as it crossed central Mexico and dissipated when entering the Pacific basin on August 26.^[27]

[edit] Preparations

Shortly after the formation of Dolly, a Tropical Storm Warning was issued from Chetumal to Progreso, Mexico and a tropical storm watch was placed between Pinar del Rio Province and Isle of Pines, Cuba. Just three hours later, another Tropical Storm Warning was given to an area between San Pedro, Belize, and the Mexican border. On August 20, the Tropical Storm Watch was discontinued for Cuba, as the system was moving away from the area. At around midday, another Tropical Storm Warning was issued from Progreso to Ciudad del Carmen. Only an hour later, a Tropical Storm Warning from Cozumel to Chetumal was upgraded to a Hurricane Warning. In the afternoon of the 20th, all warnings south of Cozumel were discontinued. Just six hours later on August 21, all Tropical Storm Warnings east of 88°W were discontinued. Shortly after that, a Tropical Storm Warning east of Progreso was removed. By the end of the day, all warning for Mexico were discontinued.^[27]

When Dolly entered the Bay of Campeche on August 22, a Hurricane Watch was put into action for Veracruz, La Pesca, and all areas in between. Only six hours later, the watch became a Hurricane Warning until Dolly made landfall, when all remaining warnings were removed.^[27]

Approximately 6,500 people were evacuated from low-lying zones of Tampico.^[27]

[edit] Impact

Country	Total	State	State total
Mexico	14	Veracruz	6
		Nuevo Leon	3
		Pueblo Viejo	1
		Monterrey	1

[edit] Mexico

According to newspaper reports, fourteen people died in the storms passage. Six drowned in Veracruz, three in Nuevo Leon, and one each in Pueblo Viejo and Monterrey. An additional two people from Neuvo Leon were reported to be missing. This could rise in post-season analysis. Hundreds of homes were destroyed leaving 35,000 people homeless and there was severe damage in Tuxpan, Tamiahua, Pueblo Viejo, Platon, Panuco, Tampico Alto, and elsewhere along the coast of northeast Mexico. In Quintana Roo, large areas of farmland was lost to the storm.^[27]

The place with the most rainfall received in a 24-hour-period was in Micos, Mexico, which received 12.94 inches (329 mm) of rain. Some other high rainfall recordings were in Santa Rosa, Mexico, which recorded 10.59 inches (270 mm), and Puerto de Valles, Mexico, which received 10 inches (254 mm) of rain. The rains also occurred in some more widely-known cities, including Acapulco, with 7.48 inches (190 mm) of rain, Los Mochis, with 7.06 inches (179 mm), delTuxpan, with 5.88 inches (149 mm), Chetumal, with 5.73 inches (146 mm), Monterrey, with 4.93 inches (125 mm), and Cancun, with a mere 1.35 inches (34.3 mm).^[27]

[edit] Texas

Though far from the United States, Dolly did manage to bring heavy rain and high winds to southern Texas. Weekly rainfall totals in Corpus Christi reached 5.53 inches (141 mm) and 2.82 inches (71.6 mm) in Brownsville. Corpus Christi daily rainfall measurements on Friday and Saturday were as high as 1.92 inches (48.8 mm) and 2.55 inches (64.8 ), a new daily record.^[28]

[edit] Lack of retirement

Despite its effects, the name Dolly was not retired and it was used again in the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season and is on the list of names for the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] Trivia

Dolly was one of five storms to form in the Caribbean Sea in 1996 (the others being Caesar, Kyle, Lili, and Marco), the other time that happened was in 1969.^[29]

[edit] See also

• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes
• Tropical cyclones

[edit] External links

• Hurricane Dolly 1996 Tropical Cyclone Report
• The Caribbean Hurricane Page

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html
21. ^ http://1001resources.com/hosting/users/AT/news/Jose/reports/overview.html
22. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/99/3199.pdf
23. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CFMH?OpenDocument
24. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wjantigua.htm
25. ^ http://www.avirtualdominica.com/hurricanejose.htm
26. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002hanna.shtml
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996dolly.html
28. ^ http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/WWNatSumm//1990s/1996/WWNatSumm-08-27-1996.txt
29. ^ http://stormcarib.com/hurr96.htm

Dolly Category:1996 meteorology Dolly (1996) Dolly (1996) Dolly (1996)

Tropical Storm Helene

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Helene at it's secondary peak intensity
Formed	September 15, 2000
Dissipated	September 25, 2000
Highest winds	70 mph (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	986 mbar (hPa)
Damage	$16 million (2000 USD) $17.8 million (2005 USD)
Fatalities	2 direct
Areas affected	Southeast United States
Part of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season

Tropical Storm Helene was a strong tropical storm that made landfall in the United States as a minimal tropical storm. The tropical system was the twelth tropical cyclone and eighth tropical storm of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season.

Tropical Depression Twelve formed east of the Windward Islands on September 15. It weakened, and traveled across the Caribbean. Late on the 19th, it regained tropical depression status, and on the 21st was named Tropical Storm Helene while in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. The storm turned north, and made landfall at Fort Walton Beach, Florida on September 22. The system weakened to a tropical depression, but stayed intact as it moved across the southern US and passed over the North Carolina coast and back over water. Helene regained tropical storm strength and headed rapidly east-northeast. It merged with a cold front on the 25th.

One person was killed by a tornado generated as the tropical depression moved through South Carolina while another was killed in a car accident in North Carolina. Flooding up to 9 inches was reported in Tallahassee, Florida. But the maximum rainfall from Helene was 10.32 inches in Apalachicola. Total damage was estimated at $16 million (2000 USD, $17.8 million 2005 USD). Bill Clinton declared the state of Florida a major disaster area, therefore making nine counties eligible for federal disaster relief.

[edit] Storm history

A well-defined tropical wave moved off the African coast on September 10. But shortly after, it lost most of its convection. There were few signs of redevelopment until September 14, when convection formed near the center. Tropical Depression Twelve formed east of the Windward Islands on September 15. But before the Reconnaissance planes could fly to the system, it had already lost it's closed circulation and degenerated into a tropical wave. Though the area was favorable for redevelopment, Twelve did very little while it traveled through the Caribbean Sea. Late on September 19, another Reconnaissance aircraft discoverded a closed circulation just to the northwest of Grand Cayman. It managed to retain what little organization it had when it crossed the western tip of Cuba on September 20. The next day, convection redeveloped and the tropical cyclone was upgraded to Tropical Storm Helene while in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.^[30]

The storm turned north, while rapidly strengthening in marginally favorable conditions. Helene attained its first maximum intensity of 70 mph and a minimum central pressure of 996 mbar late on September 21 (CDT, early September 22 UTC). But wind shear picked up and prevented the tropical system from reaching hurricane status. The storm lost most of its deep convection and the heavy rainbands were displaced to the east of the center. Helene weakened even quicker than it strengthened, going from 70 mph to 40 mph in just 12 hours. It made landfall at Fort Walton Beach, Florida around 7 am CDT on September 22.^[30]

The system weakened to a tropical depression while moving northeast over the southeastern portion of the United States. The weakened system managed to stay intact as it passed over North Carolina and regained tropical storm strength, while over land. Helene reentered the north Atlantic as a relativeley compact storm. It moved away from the East Coast of the United States and reached a peak intensity of 70 mph and a minimum central pressure of 986 mbar. It merged with a cold front on September 25.^[30]

[edit] Preparations

Eighteen shelters, including two for people or families with special needs, were opened throughout Leon, Jefferson, Madison, Taylor, Wakulla, Liberty, and Gadsen counties in the Florida Panhandle.^[31] Flights were canceled at Tallahassee's airport and state government offices in the capital city were closed. City buses stopped running during the storm but were back on schedule by early afternoon.^[32]

[edit] Impact

Estimates show that Helene caused $16 million (2000 USD, $17.8 million 2005 USD) in economic losses.^[33]. The most rain to have fallen because of Helene was 10.32 inches in Apalachicola. Two deaths and six injuries were also attributed to the storm.

[edit] Florida

Nearly 8 inches of rain caused minor flooding and power outages^[34] affecting 5,000 people^[32] in Tallahassee, Florida, while over 10 inches of rain swamped Apalachicola. Six or more tornadoes touched down between the two cities, but caused no significant damage as they crossed sparsely populated land.^[34]

Six homes across Franklin, Leon, and Wakulla counties in Florida were destroyed, while 17 suffered major damage, and another 65 had minor damage done to them.^[35] The Gulf County Division of Emergency Management estimated between $100,000 and $300,000 (2000 USD, $111,000 and $333,000 2005 USDin road and beach erosion damage at Cape San Blas.^[32]

[edit] The Carolinas

An F2 tornado ripped through Martin, South Carolina on September 23, killing a man in a trailer while he slept and injuring six others in adjacent homes.^[30][34] The highest rainfall measurement in South Carolina came from Bamberg, at 9.6 inches.^[36] Flash flooding also occurred in Aiken County.^[37] Downed trees were blocking state Highway 125 in Allendale County, and the county emergency management office reported major damage to five or six mobile homes. Reports from the local weather service say that state Highway 47 was flooded near Elgin and too dangerous to drive on. The weather service also stated that Virginia Avenue was washed out in Barnwell. Another fatality occurred from flood related traffic in Berkeley County. A middle-aged woman lost control of her car when she hit a patch of water on the road and the car hit a pine tree.^[38]

The southbound lane of U.S. Highway 17 in North Carolina flooded from heavy rain and traffic was detoured south of Shallotte. There were also a few minor washouts on back roads and street flooding in towns.^[39]

[edit] Aftermath

On October 3, United States President Bill Clinton declared the state a major disaster area. Therefore, the counties of Bay, Calhoun, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Jefferson, Leon, Okaloosa, and Wakulla that were affected by Helene were eligible for federal disaster funds. The federal funds are able to pay 75% of the approved cost for debris removal, emergency services related to the storm, and restoring damaged public facilities.^[40] As part of the Disaster Relief Operation, clean-up kits were distributed to the flood victims.^[41] Bottled water was also delivered the victims of Helene in Franklin County. Five Family Service Outreach Teams were dispatched and were told to go door to door in Leo and Wakulla counties.^[42] A total of 700 meals were distributed to various victims of the storm.^[43]

[edit] Lack of retirement

Because of the minimal damage resulted from Helene, the name wasn't retired by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2001. It is currently on the list of names for the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, but has yet to be used.

[edit] See also

• Tropical cyclone
• List of notable tropical cyclones
• List of notable Atlantic hurricanes
• List of Florida hurricanes

[edit] External links

• Helene's Tropical Cyclone Report
• Hurricane Hunters in the storm

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html
21. ^ http://1001resources.com/hosting/users/AT/news/Jose/reports/overview.html
22. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/99/3199.pdf
23. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CFMH?OpenDocument
24. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wjantigua.htm
25. ^ http://www.avirtualdominica.com/hurricanejose.htm
26. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002hanna.shtml
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996dolly.html
28. ^ http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/WWNatSumm//1990s/1996/WWNatSumm-08-27-1996.txt
29. ^ http://stormcarib.com/hurr96.htm
30. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000helene.html
31. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-01.pdf
32. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenefla.htm
33. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2000/tws/MIATWSAT_nov.html
34. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelene.htm
35. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-da-06.pdf
36. ^ http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/helene2000.html
37. ^ http://www.lscog.org/pdf/aikencountyhmp.pdf
38. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenesc.htm
39. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenenc.htm
40. ^ http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=7855
41. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-05.pdf
42. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-06.pdf
43. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-08.pdf

Katrina satellite image and storm track.

Katrina formed in the southern Caribbean as a tropical depression on October 27. On October 28, Hurricane Hunters reported well-defined circulation near Panama. The storm moved northwest and became Tropical Storm Katrina in the early afternoon hours on the 29th. Just barely reaching tropical storm status, the storm was only a tropical storm for six hours. The storm weakened to a tropical depression in the mid-evening hours of the same day.

It made landfall at Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua during the time it was a tropical storm. The storm only made things a little harder for the people of Nicaragua who were still recovering from Hurricane Mitch. That storm hit Nicaragua almost exactly one year earlier. The storm died over the Yucatan Peninsula on November 1 as it was absorbed by a cold front.

As far as the NHC can tell, Katrina claimed no lives in Nicaragua.

Kyle satellite image and storm track.

Kyle was a minimal tropical storm that formed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 11. It moved onshore near the border between Guatemala and Honduras as a weakening tropical depression. Tropical Storm Kyle caused no reported damage.

Edouard satellite picture and track map

The origins of Tropical Storm Edouard are unclear, but an area of persistent organized storms formed in the Bay of Campeche, which strengthened into a tropical storm on September 14. Edouard rapidly intensified, with wind speeds reaching 65 mph (100 km/h) in 18 hours. Following its strengthening, Edouard dissipated even more quickly, degenerating into an area of thunderstorms the next day. The remnants of Edouard moved over land near Veracruz.

Hermine satellite picture and track map

An African tropical wave that traversed the Atlantic Ocean organized into a tropical storm off the coast of Honduras on September 21. After grazing Honduras, a disorganized Tropical Storm Hermine made landfall just north of Belize City on the 22nd. After crossing the Yucatán Peninsula, Hermine briefly emerged over the Bay of Campeche where it restrengthened before recurving back into the Mexican coast. The storm drifted inland and dissipated on September 26.

Hermine caused freshwater flooding in Mexico, but no exact figures were received by the National Hurricane Center. No reports on Honduras and Belize were received by the NHC, but meteorologists stated that similar flooding likely occurred there as well.

Frieda satellite picture and storm track

Tropical Storm Frieda formed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 16. After reaching a peak of 60 mph winds on October 18, it steadily weakened until its landfall near Belize City, Belize on October 19.

The tropical depression that became Tropical Storm Alma formed from an Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) disturbance on August 12 over the southern tropical Atlantic. It moved steadily westward, reaching a peak of 65 mph on the way. It crossed the island of Trinidad, the southernmost track of a Trinidad hit since 1933. On August 15, as it moved into northern Venezuela, and the high mountain tops destroyed the circulation.

A large, sprawling cloud mass originating over Panama formed a tropical depression on November 12 in the Caribbean Sea. Two days after its formation, it became a tropical storm northeast of the coast of Honduras. Laura moved to the northwest for the following days due to an approaching cold front, but when a high pressure built to its north on the 16th, Laura executed a small loop just south of Cuba. Here Laura reached her peak intensity of 70 mph. As Laura moved to the southwest, she weakened drastically, but managed to regain her peak intensity prior to her landfall on Belize (then known as British Honduras) on the 21st. Laura dissipated the next day over Central America.

A cyclonic circulation persisted over the southwest Caribbean Sea in late November. Convection became more organized, and by November 21, it became a tropical storm. Martha quickly intensified, reaching 90 mph winds the next day, but the hurricane lost strength as it drifted southward. It reached the coast of Panama as a 70 mph tropical storm on the 24th, becoming the first tropical storm on record to hit the country. Martha dissipated over Panama on the 25th. The system caused heavy flooding and landslides over San José, Costa Rica, where 5 fatalities and $30 million in damage occurred.

Although the 'M' name has been used nearly every year to name storms in the Atlantic since 1990, this marked only the first time since naming began in 1950 that the 'M' name was used, and the only one until Marco in the 1990 season.

Similar to Tropical Storm One, Tropical Storm Twelve developed from an Intertropical Convergence Zone disturbance. A tropical depression developed on November 5 north of Panama. The depression moved northwestward, becoming a tropical storm on the 6th. It turned westward, hitting near the border of Honduras and Nicaragua on the 7th. The storm weakened and re-emerged into the Caribbean, after which it hit Belize and dissipated on the 10th. Tropical Storm Twelve (the named hurricanes filling in the large numbering gap) caused $5 million (1964 USD, $30 million 2005 USD) in damage from significant flooding in Honduras.

Tropical Storm Gilda formed in the Central Caribbean Sea on September 24. It moved westward, reaching a peak of 70 mph winds before hitting Belize on the 27th. Gilda caused heavy rains and flooding, amounting to 29 deaths and extensive flooding, mostly in northern Honduras.[1]

The final storm of the season formed in the Western Caribbean Sea on November 3rd. It drifted west, then moved southward, hitting Honduras on the 4th. It dissipated the next day, causing no reported damage.

On August 29, a tropical storm formed in the western Caribbean Sea. It moved northeastward, turned to the west, and hit Belize on the 31st where it caused heavy rains and high tides.

A tropical storm first detected on October 2 moved westward across the western Caribbean. It reached a peak of 95 mph winds, and hit southern Belize on the 4th. It maintained its circulation across Central America, and hit Acapulco, Mexico on the 5th as a tropical system. The hurricane caused severe damage in southern Belize and northwestern Guatemala, but no damage figures exist. A hurricane crossing from the Atlantic to the Pacific is a relatively rare event.

Tropical Storm Chantal

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Chantal shortly after landfall
Formed	August 14, 2001
Dissipated	August 22, 2001
Highest winds	70 mph (95 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure	997 mbar (hPa)
Damage	$4 million
Fatalities	2
Areas affected	Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, Mexico
Part of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season

[edit] Storm History

Chantal was a poorly organized storm that formed as a depression on August 14 while well east of the Windward Islands. Sometime on the 16th, the depression degenerated into a tropical wave. This wave passed over the islands, and on the 17th, reformed at tropical storm strength.

Tropical Storm Chantal continued west across the Caribbean Sea, and strengthened somewhat. It was near hurricane strength on August 21, but made landfall at the border between Belize and Mexico before it could gain the necessary wind speed. Chantal continued into Mexico and dissipated on the 22nd.

[edit] Impact

Chantal officially caused no deaths, but the tropical wave caused two deaths from lightning on Trinidad. Damage in Belize was estimated at $4 million.[2] No significant damages were reported in Mexico.

Applecrest Farm Orchards is a year-round apple orchard in Hampton Falls, New Hampshire.

[edit] History

The property Applecrest Orchards currently stands on was settled in 1665 by James Prescott, an Englishman that had arrived in North America the same year. He married the daughter of Nathaniel Boulter of the neighboring town, Hampton. For thirty years, he dwelled in the garrison house now know as Prescott's Fort. But in 1724, he moved to Kingston, New Hampshire, until his death, four years later. His grandson, Ebenezer Prescott inherited the large parcel of land.^[47]

Aaron Wells of Ipswich, Massachusetts, purchased the land from Ebenezer's descendents in 1774. His sole child, Eunice, married Newell Healey of the neighboring town, Kensington. Their son, Wells, inherited the farm after his maternal grandfather's death in 1819.^[47]

Wells maried Elizabeth Pickering of nearby town, North Hampton. Wells died in 1857, and one of his sons, Newell H., became the owner of the large farm.^[47]

In 1913, Walter Baldwin Farmer with his wife, Gertrude (neé Jones), and their two daughters, came from Brookline, Massachusetts, and bought the farm. He set his mind on making the farm into a prosperous business. He purchased more land in surrounding areas, dredged brooks, dynamited boulders, set out thousands of apple tress, and studied the latest methods on tree maintnence. It was then, when the first apple tree was planted, that Applecrest Farm Orchards was established. Farmer spent the first ten years of his ownsership of the orchard waiting for the apple trees he planted to fully mature. While waiting, he paid his bills by raising chickens. Nearly 200 hundrend chicken houses dotted the hilly landscape.^[47] A small amount of those chicken coops still stand, but are no longer in use.^{[citation needed]}

Applecrest Orchards is considered the oldest and largest apple orchard in the whole state of New Hampshire^[48] and the oldest continuously operation apple orchard in the United States.^[49] But many of the buildings on the grounds were built before the establishment of the business, including the Farm Market, built in 1812^[50], and the home of the Wagners, built in 1815 by Wells Healey.^[47]

After Farmers's death, the lot was sold to Major Platts.^[47] But shortly after in 1954, the orchard was bought by^[51] William L. and Jean Wagner of New York. Although they knew next to nothing about apple tree maintnence, they decided to continue the business.^[47] It has been operated by the Wagner family ever since. When Bill died in 1984, the farm was ran by Jean, the new president of the business.^[51] In 1985, 500 acres of land was owned by Applecrest, but 44 acres of that land was sold that year and divided into 18 house lots. In the late 1980s, another 33 acre parcel off Sanborn Road was subdivided and 12 lots were created. Additional sections of land, mostly along the main roads in Hampton Falls, have been sold off as well. Ten acres became four house lots in the early 1990s, a 12 lot subdivision called Coburn Woods was developed, and in around 2000, six acres off of Route 88 (Exeter Road) became a three lot subdivision, conforming in every instance to the town's two-acre per house zoning ordinance.^[51]

As of 2006, the owners of the farm are Ben and Peter Wagner,^[52] the sons of Jean and Bill.^[51] In addition to the orchard, two markets were run by the Wagners on U.S. Route 1, Hampton Falls and Junction 110 and Junction 150 in Amesbury, Massachusetts.^[52] The former market was known as the Applemart.^[53] In 2004, both of the markets were shut down.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Produce

Currently, the orchard grows approximately 40,000 bushels of more than 40 different variety of apples, including McIntosh, Cortland, Macoun, Ida Red, and Red Delicious. Other available foods include various vegetables, corn, and peaches.^[50]

[edit] External links

• Official home site

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.npmoc.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1970atcr/pdf/wnp/27.pdf
2. ^ http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1970/index.html
3. ^ National Hurricane Center (2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Hermine. NOAA. Retrieved on March 18, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm04.html
5. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2003/summ0208.txt
6. ^ unknown (unknown). Retrieved on June 5, 2006.
7. ^ http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2005/summ0408.htm
8. ^ ^{a b} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby/
9. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
10. ^ http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html
11. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/MEETING/RA%20IV%20HC-XXIII/COUNTRY%20REPORTS.DO4%20ADD1.doc
12. ^ ^{a b c d} http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/23/storm.debby.03/
13. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000debby.html
14. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/22/storm.debby.04/
15. ^ http://stormcarib.com/reports/2000/stmartin.shtml
16. ^ http://nema.gov.tt/resources/downloads/tropicalcyclones.pdf
17. ^ ^{a b} http://maestro.srcc.lsu.edu/softlib/sd/sd0008.pdf
18. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.hurricanecity.com/dam/dam2000.htm
19. ^ http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/08/24/storm.debby.03/index.html
20. ^ ^{a b c d e f} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999jose.html
21. ^ http://1001resources.com/hosting/users/AT/news/Jose/reports/overview.html
22. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/99/3199.pdf
23. ^ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64CFMH?OpenDocument
24. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wjantigua.htm
25. ^ http://www.avirtualdominica.com/hurricanejose.htm
26. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2002hanna.shtml
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1996dolly.html
28. ^ http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/WWNatSumm//1990s/1996/WWNatSumm-08-27-1996.txt
29. ^ http://stormcarib.com/hurr96.htm
30. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2000helene.html
31. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-01.pdf
32. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenefla.htm
33. ^ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2000/tws/MIATWSAT_nov.html
34. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelene.htm
35. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-da-06.pdf
36. ^ http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/helene2000.html
37. ^ http://www.lscog.org/pdf/aikencountyhmp.pdf
38. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenesc.htm
39. ^ http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/2000/atlantic/whelenenc.htm
40. ^ http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=7855
41. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-05.pdf
42. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-06.pdf
43. ^ http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/situation/helene-sr-08.pdf
44. ^ ^{a b} National Hurricane Center (2003). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ignacio. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved on August 9, 2006.
45. ^
46. ^ Staff Writer. "Hurricane Ignacio forces 10,000 to take shelter", Agence France-Presse, 2003-08-25. Retrieved on August 9, 2006.
47. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Winn, Elaine B. (1997). Historic Homes of Hampton Falls. Hampton Falls, New Hampshire: Hampton Falls Historical Society. 
48. ^ http://www.visitingnewengland.com/apples.html
49. ^ http://www.hamptonfalls.org
50. ^ ^{a b} http://www.applecrest.com
51. ^ ^{a b c d} http://www.seacoastonline.com/2000news/2_13a.htm
52. ^ ^{a b} http://www.applejournal.com/nh01.htm
53. ^ http://www.seacoastonline.com/2003news/hampton/06082003/news/33063.htm