Hwandan Gogi

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Hwandan Gogi (환단고기, 桓檀古記), also called Handan Gogi, is a compilation of texts on ancient Korean history.

Hwandan Gogi is just a bound volume of four historical records: Samseonggi, Dangun Segi, Bukbuyeogi and Taebaek Ilsa.

According to its introductory remarks, It was compiled in 1911 by Uncho Gye Yeon-su (운초 계연수, 雲樵 桂延壽; ? ~ 1920) and supervised by Yi Gi (이기,李沂; 1848 ~ 1909). However, the only known copy is Yi Yu-rip's transcription restored and published in 1979.

Contents

[edit] Contents

Hwandan Gogi consists of 4 separate volumes:

  • Samseonggi (two volumes), describing ancient kingdoms called Hwan-guk that lasted for 3301 years, and Hwanung's 1565-year rule of Baedalguk.
  • Dangun Segi describes the chronicle history of Gojoseon with 47 generations of Dangun rulers.
  • Bukbuyeogi describes the six kings of Bukbuyeo (North Buyeo).
  • Taebaek Ilsa describes the histories of Hwan-guk, Baedalguk, Samjoseon, Goguryeo, Balhae, and Goryeo, and, also includes the text of Cheonbu Gyeong.

[edit] Viewpoint of Hwandan Gogi

[edit] The favorable comment

Most of historian agree that Yi Yurip has revised the original version by Gye Yeonsu. Thus, some historians view the Hwandan gogi as worthy of further scholarly scrutiny, believing that it is at least partly based on historically valuable, ancient (if not literally accurate) texts, but avoiding direct citation.

  • The record that five stars were arranged in straight line at 1733BCE (오성취루, 五星聚婁). This astronomical record in Hwandan Gogi is proved by Professor Park Changbeom, and it is published in the journal[1]. They shows that the five stars was arraged in straight line at 1734 BCE with the assumption that Gojoseon was established at 2333BCE.
  • Hwandan Gogi proves why the Mausoleum of Dangun is located at in Kangdong near Pyongyang, North Korea[2]. Hwandan Gogi says that the fifth Dangun Gueul was dead when he traveled the south area of Gojoseon, and then he has been buried at Daebaksan. The Daebaksan is located at current Pyongyang.
  • Hwandan Gogi explains that the era name of Mun wang of Balhae was Daeheung(대흥, 大興) before when the era name of Mun wang has been discovered in the tombstone of princess Jeonghyo (정효공주묘비, 貞孝公主墓碑) at 1980 CE [3].
  • Hwandan Gogi says that era name of Jangsu Taewang of Goguryeo was Geonheung (건흥, 建興). This era name is used in a Buddhist statue in Chungju of Chungbuk. Before Hwandangogi is publihsed, the statue was considered as the statue of Baekje[4]
  • The territory of Gojoseon explained by Hwandan Gogi accords with the distribution area of the mandolin-shaped dagger of Gojoseon. Moreover, this territory advocated by Yoon et al.[5] and Yi Byeongdo[6] coincide with the territory explained by Hwandan Gogi.

[edit] The adverse criticism

Most of the historians in South, North Korea and Japan generally consider the Hwandangogi as a forgery created in recent times, because of the following reasons:

  • There are words from modern language in the book. (for example, '男女平權; the equality of man and woman', '父權; paternal rights')
  • The route on which Hwandangogi was first published is not clear.
    • Yi Gi could not supervise the Hwandangogi which first compiled in 1911, because he died then [7].
    • The contents of Cheonbu Gyeong could not be included in Taebaek Ilsa before 1911 because the Cheonbu Gyeong was first discovered and known to the Daejong Kyo (a korean spiritual corporation) in 1916 by GaeYeonSu, the person who compiled Hwandan Gogi.
    • The original version of Hwandan Gogi edited by Gye Yeonsu does not exist now. The Hwandan Gogi Yi Yurip kept was lost in 1975, and then restored by Yi Yurip before 1979.
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  • The contents in Hwandan Gogi is beyond the historical facts generally accepted.
    • The population of gojoseon 4,000 years ago counts 180 Million.
    • The nation spread from east asia through the Sabaekyeok(斯白力), and to the Sumil Yiguk(須密爾國), Chi-aek-teuk(支伯特) in about 8000BCE.
    • According to the introductory remark(凡例), Hwandan Gogi was compiled in GwangMu 15th, but, the GwangMu reign syle was used only up to the 10th year.

Maybe all the uncertainties found in Hwandan Gogi is from the fact that the Hwandan Gogi spread now is a restored version, not the original.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ 박창범, 라대일, "단군조선시대 천문현상기록의 과학적 검증(Scientific proof of astronomical record in Gojoseon), 한국상고사학보, vol 14[1]
  2. ^ * 고준환, "단군신화설은 식민사학자들의 왜곡.농간", (경기대 법학과 교수), 개천절에 되새겨 보는 '실증적' 단군조선사, 오마이뉴스, 2003-10-03 13:15 조인성(경희대 사학과 교수)
  3. ^ Retrieved from Empas Korean Information[2] 엠파스 한국학 지식
  4. ^ 고준환, 신명나는 한국사, 인간과자연사 (2005) ISBN : 89-87944-43-3
  5. ^ 윤내현, 박선희, 하문식, 고조선의 강역을 밝힌다 (The Territory of Gojoseon) (2006) ISBN : 89-423-1089-3
  6. ^ 이병도, 최태영, 한국상고사 입문(Introduction to the Ancient Korean History) (1989)
  7. ^ 엠파스 한국학 지식 - 한국의 인물 - 이 기(李沂)[3]
  • 계연수(이유립 복원본), 환단고기, 한뿌리 출판사, 2005
  • 『환단고기(桓檀古記)』에 대한 새로운 이해』, Land Portal
  • 정영훈(The Academy of Korean Studies 한국학중앙연구원), '환단고기' 토대로 상고사 연구 보류해야 - 검증안 된 내용 왜곡 우려, The Cheju National University Press 제주대 신문, 2004-03-31
  • 김정배, 한국사 권4 - 초기국가 – 고조선.부여.삼한, National Institute of Korean History 국사편찬위원회, 1997. pp.53
  • 안창범(제주대 명예교수), [4] 桓檀古記 僞書論 批判, 한국종교사연구 통권 제10호 (2002. 2)
  • 이도학(한양대 강사), 桓檀古記, 민족지성 9('86.11), 民族知性社
  • 조인성, 韓末 檀君關係史書의 再檢討 :《神檀實記》·《檀奇古史》·《桓檀古記》를 中心으로, 국사관논총 제3집, National Institute of Korean History 국사편찬위원회, 1969.10
  • 한영우(서울대 국사학과 교수) 외, 행촌 이암의 생애와 사상, 일지사, 2002
  • 이상시(변호사), 檀君實史에 관한 文獻考證, 고려원, 1990
  • 송호수(Baylor Univ. a professor emeritus), 韓民族의 뿌리思想, 가나출판사, 1985
  • 金庠基, 李海鶴의 生涯와 思想에 대하여, 李瑄根華甲紀念論叢, 1965
  • 전병훈, 정신철학 통편(精神哲學 通編), 1919
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