Talk:Human Genome Project

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Contents

[edit] Miscellaneous comments

I'm afraid to edit wiki's but it says President Bin Laden, rather than President Bush (Dubya)

Decent article but it doesn't explain how the genome was sequenced. Can anyone in the know write a section explaining the techniques used to sequence the entire thing, including shotgun sequencing? I have a vague idea, but not enough to write an entire section on it.

Very good article. One thing though: you might want to include something about some of the criticism of the HGP, particularly concerns about whether the benefits will be worth the cost and the "genomania" surrounding

I have been referring to this article periodically over a time now, but there remains a glaring omission. It is remarkably unclear as to all the nucleotides have been sequenced. What does 'rough draught' mean? I am studying molecular biology and it still makes no sense. Does it mean that it was sequenced, but innacurately? And now that the last chromosome has been sequenced, do we now have every single nucleotide? Please someone expand on this and make it CLEAR!

didn't the HGP only sequence euchromatic DNA, skipping the heterochromatic DNA? So that it would be more correct to say "The Human Genome Project (HGP) endeavoured to map the euchromatic human genome down to the nucleotide (or base pair) level and to identify all the 30-35,000 genes present in it."? -- Nunh-huh 01:34, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

It appears the pre-2000 HGP aimed to sequence the euchromatic portion for the 'working draft' -- http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/jun2000/nhgri-26.htm -- but post-2000, they planned to 'fill in' many of the heterochromatic portions in building the 'gold standard' -- http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/8/10/997 . -- Jmason 17:54, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Is this relevant to the article?

http://www.jgi.doe.gov/News/news_9_15_04.html

This DOE link reports the "final sequence analysis" of chromosome 5 on September 15th, 2004. They mention that it is the 12th chromosome to be polished with another 12 to go. Should we mention this?

The October Scientific American has a fascinating article about the so called "junk" DNA that makes up most of the human genome. According to the article, this non-protein coding DNA may well code for RNA sequences the cell uses to control cellular processes. Proteins make up the "bricks and morter" of the cell, but the non-protein coding portions may represent the blueprint on how the build the organism. If so, we are only just beginning to understand the full scope of DNA's role in inheritance.

[edit] dates?

The dates are mostly wrong, right?

could you be more specific? Courtland 00:34, 2005 Feb 18 (UTC)
how can it have started in 1990, expected to have taken 15 years, finished in 2000 and be only two years early?

The '15 years' had been predicted in 1987, and so was perfectly accurate.

[edit] bias towards Celera Genomics

While costing 300 million, as opposed to 3 billion for the public project, Celera's data was of very limited usefullness. http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/25/ -- (unknown commenter)

I agree there is pro-Celera bias in that text, with respect to the quality of the shotgun-sequencing technique. In addition, there was more bias in this quote:

'Celera had announced from the start its intent to make their genome freely available like that of the publicly-funded HGP, and in line with the "Bermuda Statement" (Feb 1996), made freely available to the public, 24 hours a day.'

This is disingenuous. According to Sir John Sulston in _The Common Thread_, Celera took varying positions, as time went on, on how open they would be with their data. Celera's initial announcement noted that they intended to release their data 'on a quarterly basis', which is not comparable to the daily releases of the HGP. While doing this, they announced that they would be "seeking patent protection on 'only 200-300' genes", which later became "intellectual property protection on 'fully characterized important structures' amounting to 100-300 targets". To call all that 'freely available' requires qualification, in my opinion.

I've rewritten that section, hopefully it's little more accurate now (or at least more fact-based!) The quotes are from Sir John Sulston's _The Common Thread_. (btw 24.127.183.241 is me; I'd forgotten to log in first.)

Another thing -- the brief mention of taxpayer funding in the Celera block should probably be moved to its own paragraph. It's important to note that the HGP was an international effort with funding from other sources, too, not just US taxpayers. That line, in its current placement as part of the Celera-discussion block, feels like it's anti-government axe-grinding on behalf of Celera.

To be honest, I'd argue that the Celera paragraphs should be a separate section, I think. -- Jmason 17:41, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

I think it is a pretty good article - provides lots of information for my essay!!

[edit] International Project

The HGP was an international project; however the current article text doesn't mention anything apart from the US government funding bodies until 4 paragraphs in, with a mention of an unspecified international consortium. That'd be good to fix, too. -- Jmason 21:38, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

[edit] also worth noting

that this article is contested by creationsists, as according to them, evolution is unverifiable, and there exists no hard evidence for it, because this artcile doesn't really exist, and the human genome was never sequenced.. ..If you don't agree, you might want to take it up with them lodge complaints here Of course, I'm biased, silly me, I believe in DNA, I'm such a day dreamer--Bah' 16:37, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

[edit] Fortune Teller

Regarding the following paragraph in the artice :"In the future the knowledge gained by the understanding of the genome will boost the fields of medicine and biotechnology, eventually leading to cures for cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases."


How can you tell the future? How do you know for sure that it WILL LEAD TO A CURE??? I think this should be removed unless the author wants to cite evidence of his or her unique knowledge of the future.

im writing an essay, so are they saying that they will be able clone fruit? ive heard they might be able to soon

(Above comments unsigned)

In response to this, how about the following as a suggested edit:

  • It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology. Among the areas of clinical interest considered likely to benefit from genome information are the etiologies for cancers and Alzheimer's disease, possibly leading in the long term to significant advances in the management of these diseases. While talk of 'cures' for such diseases may be considered premature, deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology will be of utility value in determining therapeutic procedures. Given the established importance of DNA in molecular biology and its central role in determining the fundamental operation of cellular processes, it is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them.

Someone let me know if this is a better wording, even if it is more verbose! Calilasseia 21:03, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

In the absence of any dissenting voices, I added the above edit. Calilasseia 21:24, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Waaaay too thin

I agree with the author of "Fortune Teller"; the statement about the HGP "eventually leading to cures for cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases" is pure fluff. There is a significant and meaningful debate...has been for 15 years now...whether the HGP really needed to be done (as a single mega-project, that is). One might as well say (and with equal force) that the invention of the test-tube will eventually lead to a cure for cancer.

[edit] Using the logo

Can we use the human genome project logo? - Samsara contrib talk 05:18, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

Sure, when you upload the images tag it with {{logo}} and include information on where you downloaded the image.--nixie 05:20, 24 January 2006 (UTC)
Thanks for the quick reply. Unfortunately, I've run out of wiki-time for tonight (it's 5.30am ;) ). - Samsara contrib talk 05:29, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Human genome is Science Collaboration of the Week

Just to let you know that Human genome has been voted Science Collaboration of the Week. - Samsara contrib talk 10:32, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Controvery

Surely a lot has controversy has occured because of the HGP, there should a specific mention to the problems and protest that it has caused. Ghingo

[edit] other

removed apparent vandalism 64.219.108.172 04:10, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

There is an instance of vandalism at the beginning of the "International HGP" section. I am unfamiliar with editing Wikipedia, but the instance does not show up on the edit page. It would be appreciated if someone with more experience remedies the situation. Thanks. -unregistered user

[edit] whose genome?

Just out of curiosity, according to the section on Whose DNA was sequenced, if we tried to create a person using the genome we've sequenced already, what would he/she look like? If anyone knows the answer, that is. Jonathan talk 16:25, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

I would hazard a guess that since consensus sequence excludes rare deleterious alleles, the person would be reasonably fit and good-looking (as it has been found that averaged faces are perceived as beautiful), possibly slightly taller than the average of DNA donors, without any particularly remarkable features; he or she would probably have dark hair and somewhat melanised skin, although I'm not sure of the relative numbers of African and Asian vs. Caucasian donors, which would obviously determine whether the consensus sequence had melanised or pale phenotype. It is highly unlikely that any person with the exact consensus sequence will ever exist. - Samsara (talk • contribs) 16:42, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
Do you think it would be a man or woman? Jonathan talk 17:22, 26 April 2006 (UTC)
Obviously this depends on what combination of X and Y chromosomes you want to give your little project of cultivation... There's nothing particularly interesting or insightful about turning the HGP data back into a phenotype. 82.92.119.11 17:56, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

The publically funded effort to sequence the human genome used DNA from twelve anonymous volunteers. E.g. see http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtx024107.html I think that the privately funded Celera genome sequence was from Craig Venter (the owner of the company).

Almost but not quite correct. Craig was one of five contributors to Celera's genome effort. I added text to explain this one too. Genometer 22:05, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Globalize

Bwithh 21:56, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

This is info from the major center for this research in the UK;

Formerly the Sanger Centre, the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute was founded in 1993 by the Wellcome Trust and the UK Medical Research Council (MRC). The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is a non-trading, non-profit making registered charity involved in biomedical research. The vast majority of our funding is now provided by the Wellcome Trust, who announced in October 2001 an award of 300 million pounds sterling (430 million US dollars) to support the Institute from 2001 to 2006.

Its from the web site http://www.sanger.ac.uk/ and i'm looking for more global input.Hypnosadist 22:23, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Here are more groups involved in the international research and funding effort.

HEALTH RESEARCH BOARD, a government funder from ireland.http://www.hrb.ie/

GENOSCOPE a french government institution. History 18 December 1996: Creation of a Public Interest Group ("Groupement d'intérêt public", GIP) named "Centre national de Séquençage" (CNS, also named Genoscope) for 10 years (Official Journal, 1 January 1997). November 1997: Beginning of activities in newly-renovated premises in Evry. 1 July 2002: Integration of Genoscope within a new GIP, "Consortium National de Recherche en Génomique" (CNRG), created for 12 years, which also includes the Centre National de Génotypage (CNG) and the Réseau National des Génopoles (RNG). http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/

ACADEMY of FINLAND. The Academy of Finland provides funding for high-quality scientific research, serves as an expert in science and science policy, and strengthens the position of science and research. The Academy is committed to increasing public understanding of science through science events and science weeks, as well as through the Academy of Finland Annual Science Competition for Senior Secondary Students. http://www.aka.fi/

The AUSTRAILIAN GOVERNMENT also was a funder of this project.Hypnosadist 23:30, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] NPOV Tag?

Why is there an NPOV tag?

FIIK; User:Physicq210 added it without an explanatory section on the talk page, which (IMHO) is Bad Form; I'm tempted to remove the tag unless something shows up on here. --moof 01:43, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Agreed -- 08:39, 19 May 2006 (UTC)

Remove NPOV tag unless inserter has clear explanation in talk page. Crum375 00:08, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Project end point?

The article says the "rough draft" was completed two years ago, but today's Main Page reports that chromosome #1, the "last chromosome" just had its map completed. What am I missing? It seems that either you have sequenced ALL the DNA or you haven't. Sfahey 16:06, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Two points:
  1. The quality of sequence improves with the frequency of coverage, as sequencing is an error-prone process (see e.g. Wesche, Gaffney & Keightley 2005).
  2. Sequence is only valuable when it has been annotated - this is the more onerous part of the project and takes longer to complete. Annotation means finding out where all the genes are and what they do. However, the methods for finding genes keep being refined, and you have no absolute criterion for being certain you have actually found all genes. - Samsara (talk • contribs) 17:52, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

No, the genome is not complete. I added some text to the "History" section explaining where we are today. Genometer 22:18, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Response

"I have been referring to this article periodically over a time now, but there remains a glaring omission. It is remarkably unclear as to all the nucleotides have been sequenced. What does 'rough draught' mean? I am studying molecular biology and it still makes no sense. Does it mean that it was sequenced, but innacurately? And now that the last chromosome has been sequenced, do we now have every single nucleotide? Please someone expand on this and make it CLEAR!"

was posted earlier here. I would like to explain a little about the process used in the HGP. There are three steps in it. Each level gives a further layer of detail. Only the last sequences the individual nucleotides successfully. The "drafts" have given scientists an idea of the general functions and structures of large segments of the genome. I studied this in my A.P Biology class for crying out loud. I do not know enough to add to the article without reveiwing some old material I read for A.P. Bio on the specifics of the project (would take waaaaaaaaaay to much of my time to find.)

Well, that's just sad. You have my sympathy. - Samsara (talk • contribs) 23:53, 20 May 2006 (UTC)


[edit] President Clinton March 2000 speech cause tech bubble burst?

From this article it implies that Clinton's March 06, 2000 speech caused 50 billion dollars to be pulled out of the biotech stocks overnight. From stock charts this Celera stock crash happened shortly before the NASDAQ crash on March 10, 2000. Speculating, could this be connected thus Clinton unintentionally caused the Dot com bubble to burst? Has any one else looked into this?

biotech companies are not related to dot com companies or the dotcom bubble. The article already points out that the speech had an effect on bio-tech companies listed on the NASDAQ. 50 billion dollars was not "pulled out" of biotech stocks. The stocks lost $50bn of value. The reasons for the internet bubble bursting have nothing to do with biotechnology. That's why its called an internet bubble. Bwithh 03:19, 21 May 2006 (UTC)


Still, with computers monitoring stock prices and biotech uses lots of computers and instruments, could this have triggered automatic sales of stocks in hi-tech equipment which dragged down others like dominos? The closeness of these stock drops leads one to wonder. If I remember, the SEC has had to shut down the stock market temporarily to prevent trading computers from causing a crash.


This would be original research. - Samsara (talk • contribs) 18:09, 3 June 2006 (UTC)


[edit] Clinton's Role in Tech burst Overestimated

President Clinton didn't even make an announcement regarding the patenting of genes, I believe it was a communications person (Joe Lockhart). The gene patent issue had been settled by the supreme court long before the announcement. According to

http://www.allbusiness.com/periodicals/article/497481-1.html

"The (stock market) drop was primarily due to a misinterpretation of an announcement by White House spokesman Joe Lockhart, who had indicated earlier that day that President Clinton planned to announce a restriction on genetic patents. CBS News reported that "Presidnt Clinton later today will unveil an agreement with Britain to ban patents on individual genes." CBS later stated that "President Clinton will announce a new agreement with Britain on a statement of principles urging a ban on patents on individual genes."

Following the miscommunication, Clinton soothed many investors by clarifying his comments, saying that genomics companies that discover something with a "specific commercial application ... ought to be able to get a patent on it."

The Crash of tech heavy NASDAQ was due almost entirely to market speculation and panic. You can't blame the tenous nature of the market and the crash that followed on one announcement, although it may have been the beginning. The main cause, I think, is that stocks of the Tech and Biotech industries were highly overvalued which caused the subsequent crash to reality. While it may have been the start of the decline, it is hardly the single cause for the crash Sterichinderance 08:03, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Rolling circle amplification

Re-entered section on RCAT that was erroniously deleted. RCAT was indeed the method used to amplify DNA for sequencing by the Joint Genome Instutute (please see http://www.jgi.doe.gov/education/how/index.html).

[edit] On the contrary

Rolling circle was not an essential innovation for the creation of a human genome sequence. I would recommend reading the source literature. The " Hierarchical shotgun sequencing" and "Technology for large-scale sequencing" section of the paper describing the public project's <a href=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/full/409860a0.html>draft</a> explicitly cites the critical techniques employed by ALL the large, public genome centers. Rolling circle amplification is not among them.

Further descriptions of the technologies required for a high-throughput genome center can be found <a href=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/10/8/1081>here</a> and <a href=http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/10/9/1288>here</a>. Again, rolling circle is not among the essential technologies.

I would recommend removing it.


[edit] RCA

I agree with the removal of RCA. I've never heard it mentioned in the context of sequencing the genome. I know that Celera NEVER used it...obviously...large scale shotgun, and if the Nature article doesn't mention it then NIH probably didnt use it. It appears that the DOE did use RCA, however, their role in the H.G.P was rather diminished and in the relative scheme, R.C.A was a rather small scale tool in comparison to the other methods developed by NIH. Sterichinderance 03:42, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Added "history" and "how it was accomplished" to the HGP

These are not necessarily in the right order and I pland to add quite a bit more to the acticle as it could use some help. I am far from done but am making this article my summer project Sterichinderance 23:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Whose genome?

The "Whose genome...?" section should be wikified rather than a block quote from their FAQ. savidan(talk) (e@) 02:10, 23 June 2006 (UTC)—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kbradnam (talk • contribs) 12:35, 2006 June 23 (UTC)

[edit] Number of Nucleotides?

OK, I know that there are only 4 possible nucleotides [5 if you count Uracil], but say I give some J. Random Scientist this sequence of nucleotides:

CTAG CTGC CTAA CTCA CGCC CGCA AGAA CACA CCCG.

J. R. Scientist would say that there are 36 nucleotides in this sequence. [Of course, so would almost everyone else...but I digress.] Anywho, my question is this: How many nucleotides are in the entire sequence of the Human Genome?

[edit] How WAS it accomplished?

I noticed that in the "How it was accomplished" section, the only discussion was how Celera accomplished their sequencing. This is about the HGP, not Celera, so how did the HGP accomplish their sequencing? (P.S., Why is there so much information about Celera? Shouldn't that be in a different article?) IMacWin95 21:12, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

I've just tried to answer some of this. I was involved in both teams, Celera and the HGP, and I am very familiar with all the details of both groups' methods.Genometer 01:55, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Response to Recent Questions

Question 1? - The human genome contains approximately 3 billion nucleotides. Comment 2- The reason I put the Celera stuff in there was that I wanted to put some information regarding how it was done in the article. Previous to that addition on my part, there was nothing. The federal program and Celera did it in a very similar manner except that Celera used shotgun sequencing. I agree that that maybe a separate article should be set up for Celera's efforts, Maybe we could call it "Celera's Contribution to discovery of the Human Genome" If anyone else would comment that would be great. I will add more to the Federally funded HGP methodology soon. Sterichinderance 10:13, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Benefits

For what's it's worth, I worked in a genetics lab running southern blots. Wikipedia has an excellent page on Southern Blotting. Should this be included under how genetic molecules are "read"...?

Why is sequencing important? (If I am correct) Sequencing is important to understanding protein synthesis. "proteins are essentially polymers made up of a specific sequence of amino acids...a cell reads the genetic information and uses it to construct the protein..." Wikipedia: Protein

Researchers hope to uncover useful information about protein synthesis; what is synthesised normally, verses "abnormally" in people (abnormal synthesis, or lack of normal protein synthesis creats certain genetic disorders.)

Should this be mentioned under the benefit section?


2c me 06:15, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

1.According to my understanding, sequencing is important in order to "discover the structures and functions in living organisms, an important tool for understanding cellular processes." But not only for the information but to later on, develop drugs that will target the problems in a living organism's body faster. 2."Abnormally" in people is describing one that may have a genetic mutation in his/her body/genetic disorder as you mentioned, a missing body part, or disability I would think. "Normally would be considered as a healthy human being. 3.My opinion would be to mention this in protein sequencing but I suppose it is also under benifits.

Please ask me any questions that you have on DNA, cloning, sequencing etc. I am particularly interested in this subject and know about it.

--Starry.dreams 00:34, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Yikes, these are garbled answers. Protein sequencing is completely different from DNA sequencing - Wikipedia has entries on these that should explain. The human genome project was a DNA sequencing project. Genometer 22:08, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Thanks for the correction Genometer. You can go ahead and just make any correction you think is right. I think you are more clear on this subject than I am. --Starry.dreams 20:06, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Layout rearrange

I've just rearranged all the content, I found this article as a complete newcomer to be very disorganised... So I've grouped the relevant content for the two competing groups into two sections which should make it easier to read. So now someone new to the subject can read the intro and know stright away what the international group and Celera Genomics are doing. It also allows them to concentrate on a paticular group if they wish. Hope it meets your approval.

Thanks Starry.dreams 20:04, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Dulbecco

As far as I can find in scientific literature, the first publication on the idea of a Human Genome Project came from Renato Dulbecco: The idea for the HGP came from Renato Dulbecco in 1986 Dulbecco R., A turning point in cancer research: Sequencing the genome, Science, 1986, 231: 1055-56. Pvosta 21:07, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

[edit] History

The origin of the idea for a Human Genome Project shows 3 "attempts"Pvosta 21:27, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

  • 1) Robert Sinsheimer, The Santa Cruz Workshop, May 1985, 5 Genomics 954 (1989).
  • 2) Renato Dulbecco, A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome, 231 Science 1055 (1986)

Renato Dulbecco, A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome in Viruses and Human Cancer 1 (Alan R. Liss ed. 1987).

  • 3) Charles DeLisi, The Human Genome Project, 76 Am. Scientist 488 (1988).

[edit] Human Metabolome Project (HMP)

There should be a Human Metabolome Project article. See: [1] Brian Pearson 21:24, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

[edit] wrong place

this part is in the worg place, it disrupted my reading down the page. and is mostly irrelivant to the section.

James D. Watson was Head of the National Center for Human Genome Research at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States starting from 1988. Largely due to his disagreement with his boss, Bernadine Healy, over the issue of patenting genes, he was forced to resign in 1992. He was replaced by Francis Collins in April 1993, and the name of the Center was changed to the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1997.

[edit] human genome size and 3rd genome project

Recent addtions to this page (19th Feb 2007) have increased the genome size to 5 billion nucleotides (from 3 billion). This is misleading, there are approximately three billion base pairs in the human genome, and so if you count both nucleotides in each pair, then you could get to a higher figure. I think this should be changed to use the standard scientific terminology. Another change is made to double the length of BAC clones from 150,000 nt to 300,00 (presumably with the same rationale). The same author also mentions a '3rd' human genome project' which is not cited and for which I can not find any information on (from a Google search). Therefore I have doubts as to the validity of other changes by this author and would welcome further feedback from said author to clarify these changes. Nod 17:56, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Who is Kathy York?

I removed the sentence:

Today Francis Collins has been replaced by Kathy York who has the overwhelming task of going through the data collected, along with her team.

because the NHGRI website shows Francis S. Collins is still in charge and I can't find any reference on the web or news to either Kathy York or Cathy York involved in biomedical sciences. (And there is no wikipedia article for Kathy or Cathy York.)


I'm also in doubt about the sentence: The $3-billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the United States Department of Energy, private funding from the York family and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and was expected to take 15 years

It's hard to do the query "human genome project york family without get a ton of false hits. The query (founded 1990 "human genome project" york) doesn't bring up anything about a York family either.

Does anybody know better about the founding of the Human Genome Project?

Clemwang 21:19, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

The Kathy York stuff was added at the same point as the 5 billion bp change and the mention of a 3rd genome project (see above). Looks like all of the edits by this person may be questionable and should possibly be removed.
Nod 22:53, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

[edit] How many chromosomes per cell?

I'm no expert so I've not gone in and edited the following statement from the article, but it seems 'odd' to me as it flies in the face of everything I've ever been taught about chromosomes:

...each male cell contains only one X or one Y chromosome, but not both. (This is true for nearly all male cells not just sperm cells).

...that's from the section "Whose genome was sequenced?"

My understanding was that all male cells had 46 chromosomes (except for sperm).

So am I ill-informed or if not could someone correct that sentence to whatever it should have been? --Mortice 22:36, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

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