Human skeleton

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A human skeleton

The human skeleton is made of individual or joined bones (such as the skull), supported and supplemented by a structure of ligaments, tendons, muscles, cartilage and other organs.

The skeleton is not unchanging; it changes composition over a lifespan. Early in gestation, a fetus has no hard skeleton; bones form gradually during nine months in the womb. At birth, all bones will have formed, but a newborn baby has more bones than an adult. On average, an adult human has 206 bones, but the number can vary slightly from individual to individual), but a baby is born with approximately 300 bones. The difference comes from a number of small bones that fuse together during growth, such as the sacrum and coccyx of the vertebral column. An infant is born with pockets of cartilage between particular bones to allow further growth. The sacrum (the bone at the base of the spine) consists of five bones which are separated at birth but fuse together into a solid structure in later years. Growing is usually completed between ages 13 and 18, at which point the bones have no pockets of cartilage left to allow more growth.

Not all bones are interconnected directly. There are 6 bones, the auditory ossicles (three on each side), in the middle ear that articulate only with each other. Another bone, the hyoid bone in the neck, does not touch any other bones in the body, and is supported by muscles and ligaments; it serves as the point of attachment for the tongue.Also some of the ribs called the floating ribs only hang by muscle and are not attached to the spine.

The longest and heaviest bone in the body is the femur and the smallest is the stapes bone in the middle ear. In an adult, the skeleton comprises around 20% of the total body weight.

1 Function
2 Organization
3 Gender differences
4 Diseases
5 See also
6 External links
7 Gallery

[edit] Function

The skeleton has six main functions:

[edit] Support

The skeleton provides the framework which supports the body, allowing large animals to maintain their shape.

[edit] Attachment

The bones of the skeleton provide an attachment surface for muscles, tendons and ligaments.

[edit] Movement

Movement in vertebrates is dependent on the skeletal muscles, which are attached to the skeleton by tendons. Without the skeleton to give leverage, movement would be greatly restricted.

[edit] Protection

The skeleton protects many vital organs: The skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord, and the ribcage protects the lungs and the heart.

[edit] Blood cell production

The skeleton is the site of haematopoiesis - the generation of blood cells, that takes place in red bone marrow (which is why bone marrow cancer is very often a terminal disease)

[edit] Storage

Bone also serves as a mineral storage deposit in which nutrients can be stored and retrieved. Calcium, especially, can be released by dissolution of bone tissue under the control of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ during periods of low calcium intake.

[edit] Organization

The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton has five areas and consists of 80 bones in a typical adult:

Skull (22)
Ossicles (bones of the middle ear) (6)
Hyoid bone (bone in the throat) (1)
Vertebral column (26)
Chest (25)

The appendicular skeleton has six areas and consists of 126 bones in a typical adult:

Shoulder girdle (4)
Arms (6)
Hands (54)
Pelvic girdle (2)
Legs (8)
Feet (52)

[edit] Gender differences

A prepared human skeleton, as used in biology education

There are many differences between the male and female human skeletons. Men tend to have slightly thicker and longer limbs and digit bones, while women tend to have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mandibles, and less pronounced cranial features such as the brow ridges and occipital protuberance (the small bump at the back of the skull). Most prominent is the difference in hip bones, owing to differences related to the process of reproduction, and very likely also to the biological process of sexual selection. There are a number of smaller differences between human male and female skeletons as well.

The book Genesis of the Bible tells that Eve was created from one of Adam's ribs. This has led some people to assume that men have one fewer rib than women, but upon inspection this is false: men and women both have 12 pairs of ribs. In addition, removed ribs usually regenerate within 2-3 months of sectional surgery, as in the surgical procedure rib thoracoplasty.

[edit] Diseases

The skeleton can be affected by many diseases that compromise physical mobility and strength. Skeletal diseases range from minor to extremely debilitating. Bone cancer and bone tumors are extremely serious and are sometimes treated by radical surgery such as amputation of the affected limb. Various forms of arthritis attack the skeleton, in particular the joints, resulting in severe pain and debility.

A fracture occurs when a bone is subjected to too much stress. Fractures are divided into "simple" and "compound" fractures, the meaning of which is not immediately apparent. A "simple" fracture means only that the damaged bone has not broken through the skin, and does not imply a single break. Likewise, a broken bone is called a "compound fracture" when it has broken through the skin, again not implying that the bone has broken in more than one place. Osteoporosis can increase the likelihood of fractures and broken bones, especially among post-menopausal women and the elderly.