Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups

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Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.
Hypothesized map of human migration based on mitochondrial DNA.

In human genetics, Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. These haplogroups trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread across the globe.

Known haplogroups are assigned the following letter codes: A, B, C, CZ, D, E, F, G, H, pre-HV, HV, I, J, pre-JT, JT, K, L0, L1, L2, L3, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z.

The woman who is at the root of all these groups is the most recent common matrilineal (female-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve.

Contents

[edit] Evolutionary relationship

Precise evolutionary relationships between human mitochondrial haplogroups are subject to academic debate.

[edit] L0

[edit] L1 and its descendants

  • Haplogroup L1
    • Haplogroup L1a
    • Haplogroup L1b
    • Haplogroup L1c
    • Haplogroup L1e
    • Haplogroup L2
      • Haplogroup L2a
      • Haplogroup L2b
      • Haplogroup L2c
        • Haplogroup L2c2
      • Haplogroup L2d
      • Haplogroup L2f
    • Haplogroup L3
      • Haplogroup L3b
      • Haplogroup L3e
        • Haplogroup L3e1
      • Haplogroup L3f

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup L3

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup M*

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup N*

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup R

[edit] Descendants of haplogroup U

  • Haplogroup K
  • Haplogroup U1
    • Haplogroup U1a
    • Haplogroup U1b
  • Haplogroup U2
    • Haplogroup U2e
  • Haplogroup U3
  • Haplogroup U4
  • Haplogroup U5
    • Haplogroup U5a
    • Haplogroup U5a*
    • Haplogroup U5a1
    • Haplogroup U5a1*
    • Haplogroup U5a1a
    • Haplogroup U5b
    • Haplogroup U5b*
    • Haplogroup U5b1
    • Haplogroup U5b2
  • Haplogroup U6
    • Haplogroup U6
    • Haplogroup U6a*
    • Haplogroup U6a1
    • Haplogroup U6b
  • Haplogroup U7
  • Haplogroup U8
  • Haplogroup pre-HV
    • Haplogroup pre-HV1
    • Haplogroup pre-HV2
    • Haplogroup HV
      • Haplogroup HV*
      • Haplogroup HV1
      • Haplogroup H
        • Haplogroup H*
        • Haplogroup H1
          • Haplogroup H1*
          • Haplogroup H1a
            • Haplogroup H1a1
          • Haplogroup H1b
          • Haplogroup H1f
        • Haplogroup H2
          • Haplogroup H2*
          • Haplogroup H2a
            • Haplogroup H2a1
          • Haplogroup H2b
        • Haplogroup H3
        • Haplogroup H4
          • Haplogroup H4a
        • Haplogroup H5
          • Haplogroup H5a
            • Haplogroup H5a1
        • Haplogroup H6
          • Haplogroup H6a
            • Haplogroup H6a1
          • Haplogroup H6b
        • Haplogroup H7
        • Haplogroup H8
        • Haplogroup H9
        • Haplogroup H10
        • Haplogroup H11
          • Haplogroup H11a
        • Haplogroup H13
      • Haplogroup V

[edit] Table form

Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups
  mt-most recent common ancestor    
L0   L1  
L2 L3  
  M N  
M1 CZ D E G Q   A I W X   R   N1 N2 Y
C Z B F pre-JT P   U  
JT K pre-HV
J T HV
H V

[edit] Other forms

For a graphical depiction of haplogroup branching, see Vincent Macaulay's mtDNA haplogroup skeleton. [1]

For information on the mutations which characterize each haplogroup, see the table of mtDNA haplogroup motifs. [2]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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