Human anatomy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.[1] It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1] Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision.[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organisation of tissues),[1] and cytology (the study of cells).
In some of its facets human anatomy is closesly related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparitive embryology,[1] through common roots in evolution.
The human body, like the bodies of all animals, consists of systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.
The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.
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[edit] Study
Certain professions, especially medicine and physiotherapy, require the study of human anatomy in depth. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has been recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,[2][3] in line with modern teaching methods.
[edit] Regional groups
- Head and Neck — includes everything above the thoracic inlet
- Upper limb — includes the hand, forearm, arm, shoulder, axilla, pectoral region and scapular region.
- Thorax — the region of the chest from the thoracic inlet to the thoracic diaphragm.
- Abdomen — everything from the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvic brim or to the pelvic inlet.
- The back — the spine and its components, the vertebrae and intervertebral disks .
- Pelvis and Perineum — the pelvis consists of everything from the pelvic inlet to the pelvic diaphragm. The perineum is the region between the genital area and the anus.
- Lower limb — the lower limb is usually everything below the inguinal ligament, including the thigh, the hip joint, the leg, and the foot.
[edit] Systems
- Circulatory system: pumping and chanelling blood throughout the body
- Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream
- Digestive system: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines inclusive with the excretory system
- Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones
- Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents
- Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails
- Muscular system: moving the body
- Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves
- Reproductive system: the sex organs
- Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs
- Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones
- Urinary system: kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion of urine.
[edit] External features
Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom :
- Head — Forehead — Eye — Ear — Nose — Mouth — Tongue — Teeth — Jaw — Face — Cheek — Chin
- Neck — Throat — Adam's apple — Shoulders
- Arm — Elbow — Wrist — Hand — Fingers — Thumb
- Spine — Chest — Breast — Ribcage
- Abdomen — Belly button — Sex organs (Penis/Scrotum or Clitoris/Vagina) — Rectum — Anus — Groin
- Hip — Buttocks — Leg — Thigh — Knee — Calf — Heel — Ankle — Foot — Toes
[edit] Internal organs
Common names of internal organs (in alphabetical order) :
Adrenals — Appendix — Bladder — Brain — Duodenum — Eyes — Gall bladder — Heart — Intestines — Kidney — Liver — Lungs — Oesophagus — Ovaries — Pancreas — Parathyroids — Pituitary — Prostate — Skin — Spleen — Stomach — Testicles — Thymus — Thyroid — Veins — Womb
[edit] Brain
Amygdala — Brainstem — Cerebellum — Cerebral cortex — Hypothalamus — Limbic system — medulla — midbrain — Pituitary gland — pons
[edit] See also
- Anatomy
- List of regions in the human brain
- Body orifices
- Death — physical consequences of death
- Human
- Human biology
- Terms for anatomical location
- List of human anatomical features
- List of human anatomical parts named after people
- Visible Human Project
- List of regions in the human brain
- List of bones of the human skeleton
- List of muscles of the human body
- List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- ^ Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- ^ Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3. Retrieved on 27 March 2007.
- "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray. In public domain.
[edit] External links
- Anatomy Dissection videos
- e-Anatomy - Interactive atlas of whole human body cross-sectional anatomy.
Biology - Anatomy - Communication - Evolution - Genetics - Appearance - Culture - Civilization - Society - Technology - Art - Mind - Nature - Condition - Development - Sexuality
Animals : Epithelium - Connective - Muscular - Nervous
cartilage: chondroblast, chondrocyte, perichondrium, types (hyaline, elastic, fibrous), fibrocartilage callus, metaphysis
bone: ossification (intramembranous, endochondral, epiphyseal plate), cycle (osteoblast, osteoid, osteocyte, osteoclast), types (cancellous, cortical), regions (epiphysis, diaphysis), structure (osteon/Haversian system, Haversian canals, endosteum, periosteum, Sharpey's fibres, lacunae, canaliculi, trabeculae, medullary cavity, bone marrow), shapes (long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid)
| Bones of head and neck: cranial sutures, fontanelles, and related regions |
|---|
| cranial sutures: Coronal - Lambdoid - Occipitomastoid - Sphenofrontal - Sphenoparietal - Sphenosquamosal - Sphenozygomatic -Squamosal - Zygomaticotemporal - Zygomaticofrontal - Frontal/Metopic - Sagittal - Frontoethmoidal - Petrosquamous - Sphenoethmoidal - Sphenopetrosal
fontanelles: Anterior fontanelle - Posterior fontanelle foramina of multiple bones: Inferior orbital fissure - Foramen lacerum - Jugular foramen - Nasolacrimal canal Anterior cranial fossa - Middle cranial fossa - Posterior cranial fossa - Cranial cavity other compound structures: Asterion - Nasion - Pterion - Dacryon - Zygomatic arch - Calvaria - Infratemporal fossa - Stephanion - Pterygomaxillary fissure - Pterygopalatine fossa |
| Bones of torso |
|---|
| sternum: manubrium, body of sternum, xiphoid process, suprasternal notch
rib: first rib, tenth rib, eleventh rib, twelfth rib, floating rib, false ribs, angle, tubercle, costal groove, neck, head general vertebral structures: body of vertebra, vertebral arch (pedicle, lamina, vertebral notch), foramina (vertebral, intervertebral), processes (transverse, articular, spinous) cervical vertebrae: C1 (anterior arch, posterior arch, lateral mass), C2 (dens), C7, anterior tubercle, posterior tubercle, foramen transversarium thoracic vertebrae: costal facets (superior, inferior, transverse) lumbar vertebrae: accessory process, mammillary process sacrum/coccyx: pelvic surface (anterior sacral foramina, dorsal surface (posterior sacral foramina, median sacral crest, medial sacral crest, lateral sacral crest), lateral surface, base, sacral hiatus |
| Bones of pelvis/pelvic cavity |
|---|
| sacrum, coccyx, hip bone
Ilium: Arcuate line - Wing - gluteal lines (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior) - Fossa - Tuberosity - Crest - iliac spines (Anterior superior - Anterior inferior - Posterior superior - Posterior inferior) Ischium: Body (Ischial spine, Lesser sciatic notch) - Superior ramus (Tuberosity of the ischium) - Inferior ramus Pubis: Superior ramus (Pubic tubercle, Pubic crest, Obturator crest) - Inferior ramus (Pectineal line) Compound: Obturator foramen - Acetabulum - Acetabular notch - Greater sciatic notch - Iliopectineal eminence - Ischiopubic ramus - Pubic arch - Lesser pelvis (Pelvic inlet, Pelvic brim, Pelvic outlet) - Greater pelvis |
atlanto-axial: anterior atlantoaxial ligament - posterior atlantoaxial ligament - cruciform ligament of atlas (transverse ligament of the atlas)
atlanto-occipital: anterior atlantoöccipital membrane - posterior atlantoöccipital membrane - tectorial membrane - alar ligament - ligament of apex dentis
temporomandibular: capsule - temporomandibular ligament - sphenomandibular ligament - stylomandibular ligament - articular disk
| Joints and ligaments of torso |
|---|
| articulations of vertebral bodies: anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament
articulations of vertebral arches : ligamenta flava - supraspinous ligament (nuchal ligament) - interspinal ligament - intertransverse ligament zygapophyseal joint - intervertebral disc costovertebral, articulation of head of rib: radiate ligament - interarticular ligament, costotransverse sternocostal, interchondral, costochondral articulation of the vertebral column with the pelvis: iliolumbar ligament sacroiliac: anterior sacroiliac ligament - posterior sacroiliac ligament - interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium: sacrotuberous ligament - sacrospinous ligament sacrococcygeal symphysis: anterior sacrococcygeal ligament - posterior sacrococcygeal ligament pubic symphysis: superior pubic ligament - inferior pubic ligament |
scalp/eyelid: occipitofrontalis (occipitalis, frontalis) - orbicularis oculi - corrugator supercilii - depressor supercilii
extraocular: levator palpebrae superioris - superior tarsal - rectus (superior, inferior, medial, lateral) - oblique (superior, inferior) - intraocular: ciliary - iris dilator - iris sphincter
ear: auriculares - temporoparietalis - stapedius - tensor tympani
nose: procerus - nasalis (dilatator naris) - depressor septi nasi - levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
mouth: levator anguli oris/depressor anguli oris - levator labii superioris/depressor labii inferioris - zygomaticus (major, minor) - mentalis - buccinator - orbicularis oris - risorius
mastication: masseter - temporalis - pterygoid (lateral, medial)
tongue: extrinsic (genioglossus - hyoglossus - chondroglossus - styloglossus) intrinsic (superior longitudinal - inferior longitudinal - transversus - verticalis)
soft palate: levator veli palatini - tensor veli palatini - musculus uvulae - palatoglossus - palatopharyngeus
pharynx: pharyngeal constrictor (inferior, middle, superior) - stylopharyngeus - salpingopharyngeus
larynx: cricothyroid - posterior cricoarytenoid - lateral cricoarytenoid - arytenoid - thyroarytenoid
CERVICAL: platysma - sternocleidomastoid
SUPRAHYOID: digastric - stylohyoid - mylohyoid - geniohyoid
INFRAHYOID/STRAP: sternohyoid - sternothyroid - thyrohyoid - omohyoid
VERTEBRAL — ANTERIOR: longus colli - longus capitis - rectus capitis anterior - rectus capitis lateralis
BACK: splenius: (capitis - cervicis) - erector spinae (iliocostalis - longissimus - spinalis) - latissimus dorsi
transversospinales: (semispinalis dorsi - semispinalis cervicis - semispinalis capitis - multifidus - rotatores) - interspinales - intertransversarii
SUBOCCIPITAL: rectus capitis posterior (major, minor) - obliquus capitis (inferior, superior)
CHEST: intercostales (external, internal, innermost) - subcostales - transversus thoracis - levatores costarum - serratus posterior (inferior, superior) - diaphragm
ABDOMEN: obliques (external, internal) - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis - cremaster - quadratus lumborum
PELVIS: levator ani (iliococcygeus, pubococcygeus, puborectalis) - coccygeus
PERINEUM: sphincter ani (externus, internus) - superficial perineal pouch (transversus perinei superficialis - bulbospongiosus - ischiocavernosus) - deep perineal pouch (transversus perinei profundus, sphincter urethrae membranaceae)
Blood | Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein
| Veins of head and neck |
|---|
| exterior of the head and face: frontal - supraorbital - angular - facial - common facial (superior labial, inferior labial) - deep facial - superficial temporal - retromandibular - pterygoid - internal maxillary - posterior auricular - occipital
veins of the neck: jugular vein (external, anterior, internal, arch) - inferior petrosal sinus - lingual - pharyngeal - superior thyroid - middle thyroid - vertebral - deep cervical diploic/veins of the brain: cerebral - superior cerebral - middle cerebral - inferior cerebral - basal - internal cerebral - great cerebral - superior cerebellar - inferior cerebellar sinuses of the dura mater: superior sagittal - inferior sagittal - straight - transverse - sigmoid - petrosquamous - occipital - confluence - cavernous - sphenoparietal ophthalmic: vorticose veins - superior ophthalmic - nasofrontal - inferior ophthalmic - intercavernous sinuses - superior petrosal sinus - basilar - emissary |
superficial (dorsal venous network of hand - cephalic - median cubital - accessory cephalic - basilic - median antebrachial)
thigh femoral - profunda femoris - popliteal
deep leg fibular - anterior tibial - posterior tibial - superficial leg small saphenous - great saphenous (extends to thigh)
foot dorsal arch - dorsal digital - plantar arch - plantar metatarsal - common digital - plantar digital
suboccipital - cervical (greater occipital, third occipital, cervical plexus, brachial plexus) - thoracic (intercostal - intercostobrachial - subcostal) - lumbar (lumbar plexus, lumbosacral trunk, superior cluneal nerves) - sacral (posterior branches of sacral nerves, medial cluneal nerves, sacral plexus) - coccygeal (coccygeal plexus)
| Nerves of head and neck: the cervical plexus |
|---|
| superficial: (lesser occipital - greater auricular - transverse cervical - supraclavicular) - deep: (ansa cervicalis - phrenic) |
Fibrous tunic: Conjunctiva | Sclera | Cornea | Schlemm's canal | Trabecular meshwork
Uvea: Choroid (Ciliary processes) | Iris | Pupil | Ciliary body
Retina : Macula | Fovea | Optic disc
Anterior segment (Anterior chamber, Aqueous humour, Posterior chamber, Lens) | Posterior segment (Vitreous humour, Zonular fibers, Zonule of Zinn )
Tongue • Taste bud (Circumvallate papillae, Filiform papilla, Fungiform papilla) • Gustatory cortex • Basic tastes
Bone marrow | Thymus (Hassall's corpuscles) | Spleen (White pulp, Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, Marginal zone, Red pulp) | Tonsils/Waldeyer's tonsillar ring (Palatine, Lingual, Adenoid)
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue: Gut-associated lymphoid tissue | Peyer's patches
Lymph nodes: Subcapsular sinus | Paracortex | Lymph vessels
Lymph | Lymphocytes | High endothelial venules | Immune system
iliac (External, Common, Internal) - lumbar/paraaortic (Lateral aortic, Preaortic, Inferior mesenteric, Retroaortic)
Thoracic duct - Right lymphatic duct - Cisterna chyli - Lumbar trunk - Intestinal trunk
Nose | Nasal cavity | Pharynx | Larynx | Trachea | Lungs | Bronchi | Alveoli | Conducting zone | Respiratory zone
lungs: right, left, lingula, apex, base, root, cardiac notch, cardiac impression, hilum, borders (anterior, posterior, inferior), surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic), fissures (oblique, horizontal)
conducting zone: trachea, carina, bronchi, main bronchus (right, left), lobar/secondary bronchi (eparterial bronchus), segmental/tertiary bronchi (bronchopulmonary segment), bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
respiratory zone: respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolus, alveolar-capillary barrier
pleurae: parietal pleura (cervical, costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic), pulmonary pleura, pulmonary ligament, recesses (costomediastinal, costodiaphragmatic)
| Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract |
|---|
| Upper gastrointestinal tract Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop • Stomach (rugae, gastric pits, cardia/gland, fundus/gland, pylorus/gland, pyloric antrum) Lower gastrointestinal tract Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon) • Rectum (Houston valve, rectal ampulla, pectinate line) • Anal canal (anal valves, anal sinuses, anal columns) Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle GALT: Peyer's patches • M cells intestinal villus • crypts of Lieberkühn • circular folds • taenia coli • haustra • epiploic appendix |
Scrotum : layers (skin, Dartos, External spermatic fascia, Cremaster, Internal spermatic fascia) - Perineal raphe - Spermatic cord
Testes: layers (Tunica vaginalis, Tunica albuginea), Appendix, Mediastinum, Lobules, Septa, Leydig cell, Sertoli cell, Blood-testis barrier
Spermatogenesis: Spermatogonium, Spermatocytogenesis, Spermatocyte, Spermatidogenesis, Spermatid, Spermiogenesis, Spermatozoon
seminal tract: Seminiferous tubules (Tubuli seminiferi recti, Rete testis, Efferent ducts) - Epididymis (Appendix) - Vas deferens - Ejaculatory duct Seminal colliculus
urinary tract: Internal urethral orifice - Urethra (Prostatic, Intermediate, Spongy) - Urethral crest - Urethral gland - External urethral orifice
Penis: Corpus cavernosum - Corpus spongiosum - Navicular fossa of male urethra - Glans penis - Fundiform ligament - Suspensory ligament - Foreskin - Frenulum
accessory glands: Seminal vesicles (Excretory duct of seminal gland) - Prostate (Prostatic utricle, Prostatic sinus) - Bulbourethral glands
Hypothalamus/Pituitary gland - Pineal gland - Islets of pancreas
Hypothalamic-pituitary axes: Adrenal axis (Adrenal gland) - Thyroid axis (Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland) - Gonadal axis (Testes, Ovaries, Corpus luteum)
Thorax: Mediastinum (Superior, Anterior, Middle, Posterior) - Superior thoracic aperture - Inferior thoracic aperture - Triangle of auscultation - Intercostal space
Thoracic diaphragm: Caval opening - Esophageal hiatus - Aortic hiatus - Central tendon
Abdomen: McBurney's point - Lumbar triangle
Perineum: Urogenital triangle - Anal triangle - Superficial perineal pouch - Perineal membrane - Deep perineal pouch - Urogenital diaphragm - Superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm - Ischiorectal fossa - Pudendal canal
| General anatomy of lower limbs |
|---|
| Buttocks and Thigh:
Inguinal ligament - Obturator membrane - Femoral ring - Femoral canal - Femoral sheath - Femoral triangle - Adductor canal - Adductor hiatus - Fascia lata - Saphenous opening - Iliotibial tract - Fascial compartments of thigh (Anterior, Medial, Posterior) Cnemis (anatomic leg): Popliteal fossa - Calf – Shin - Pes anserinus - Fascial compartments of leg (Anterior, Lateral, Posterior) Foot: Heel – Plantar fascia - Toe (Hallux, Fifth toe) - Sole - Achilles tendon - Tarsal tunnel - Retinacula (Peroneal, Inferior extensor, Superior extensor) |
