Hugo O. Engelmann

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Hugo O(tto) Engelmann (September 11, 1917 – February 2, 2002) was an American sociologist, anthropologist and general systems theorist. Throughout his work he emphasized the significance of history. Born September 11, 1917 in Vienna, Austria, Engelmann arrived in the United States in 1939, just two weeks before World War II broke out in Europe. Having fled first to Czechoslovakia and later to France as a result of the German annexation of Austria in 1938, he worked as a laborer in the fields of France until he was able to sail to America, as recorded in Journey Into a New Life ^[1].

Following graduate school at the University of Wisconsin-Madison he taught at Michigan State University in East Lansing, at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, and at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. He was the first editor of the Wisconsin Sociologist 1960-62, then again in 1965-70. In 1963 Engelmann was president of the Wisconsin Sociological Association. He appeared in Who’s Who in America in 1989. He is named in Österreichische Soziologinnen und Soziologen im Exil 1933 bis 1945 ( Austrian Social Scientists in Exile 1933-1945 )^[2].

Engelmann wrote six books and at least fifty articles. His wife Ruth is author of Leaf House: Days of Remembering. Their son John is a lawyer and is sometimes a co-author of Engelmann’s articles.

Contents 1 Life 2 Theoretical Perspective 3 Works 4 A Partial Bibliography of Articles By Hugo O. Engelmann 5 Notes 6 External Links

[edit] Life

Engelmann left Vienna for Prague shortly after Austria was annexed. Neither were his social democratic politics tolerated nor was his ancestry welcome in Austria after 1938. Continuing to study at the University was out of the question. When it looked like Czechoslovakia would be annexed he fled to France in a harrowing 96-hour escape across Europe that skirted Austria and Germany.

He was very aware of how fortunate he had been to have sailed from Le Havre on the eve of World War II. Though his parents and relatives in Austria survived the war, his cousins in Czechoslovakia did not survive Theresienstadt. Engelmann was reluctant, however, to regard himself as a survivor nor did he want others to treat him as one.

For most of his life he was first and foremost a sociologist. Ethnicity and religion were distant runners up. He was a strong supporter of intellectual freedom, equal rights, civil liberties, and workers. That spirit is evident in the first Wisconsin Sociologist journal--today called Sociological Imagination. It insisted it was "a journal of communication, published cooperatively by its contributors, under the auspices of WSA Wisconsin Sociological Association. Communications may cover any subject matter of concern to social scientists in their respective roles as scientific workers, teachers, and professional employees." ^[3].

In the 1960s Engelmann regularly participated in civil rights marches and was a strong advocate for racial and gender equality at a time when neither could be taken for granted even at universities. In the early 1970s one of his papers - an analysis of bussing and neighborhood schools--was quoted in a successful desegregation suit of Milwaukee public schools initiated by Lloyd Barbee. ^[4]

About injustice he had this to say, "...when we restrict the behavioral development of others, we are depriving ourselves of interactive opportunities, and limit our own development. Thus, we can say in a very real sense that 'Whatsoever we shall do unto the least of them, we shall have done to ourselves.'" ^[5]

From 1969 until he retired Professor Emeritus in 1989 he taught, wrote, and travelled throughout the US and Europe. Retirement did not change much. He continued his active correspondence with colleagues and former students for 30 years and more. He remained active in sociology until his death on February 2, 2002 in DeKalb, Illinois.

[edit] Theoretical Perspective

Through billions of small-scale social interactions society changes in piecemeal ways and often in contradictiory directions. Still, the overall thrust of social change can be discerned. In his 1967 paper "Population Expansion and the Social System,"^[6] Engelmann outlined his basic theory. As the world’s population increases people interact with each other more and more frequently due to crowding, migration, and travel. Freedom declines, power exercise at first increases but later abates (see also Engelmann and Cash, 1981) ^[7]), and violence becomes boundless. Beyond a certain point totalitarian power structures eclipse authoritarian ones. Sheer amounts of interaction transform vertical power structures into horizontal ones as more and more people exercise power over each other. In "Orwell, Modern Thought, and Totalitarianism" ^[8] Engelmann drew a stark distinction between authoritarian and totalitarian societies. "Authoritarian police officials aiming at outward compliance suppress activities considered undesirable. Totalitarian leaders look for inner conviction expressed in positive enthusiasm or contrite confession."

In his paper "A Sociohistorical Perspective for East European Developments" ^[9] he made his point even more forcefully, "While totalitarianism derives from psychological rigidity, authoritarian rule depends on external enforcement of regulations through power exercise."

His anthropological views were laid out in "The Activity Bias of Ethnography and the History of Society" (1960) ^[10]. Researchers are prone to focus on the physical manifestations of people’s activity, such as pottery, tools, or weapons, but ignore their experiential patterns. As techonology becomes more and more developed researchers all too often conclude that society is increasing in complexity. They ignore the possibility that activity expands at expense to experiential intricacy.

Engelmann’s historical perspective was especially evident in "The European Empire: From Charlemagne to the Common Market" (1962). ^[11] The geographic similarity between Charlemange’s Empire and that of the Common Market almost twelve-hundred years later was attributed to similar phases of migration patterns. Like the outward expansion of Charlemagne’s forces, a similar pattern was noticed in the Common Market. Even Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, is a mere 75 miles from NATO headquarters in Brussels.

A recurring theme in Engelmann’s work refers to professional manipulators engaging others in activity for its own sake regardless of its nature or consequences. In his last paper, "Science under Siege" ^[12], he warned of two sorts of religion edging their way into science. The first is the supernaturalist view, the sort of view held by Creationists. The second is more subtle. It is the naturalist view. Advocates of either notion urge us to believe things that cannot be put to the test. Whether God created the heavens and the earth in six days or whether there are parallel universes have nothing whatsoever to do with science no matter how gladly true believers would have it so. Central to all science is the testable hypothesis. If it is not there, we are not talking about science.

Great theories generate numerous testable hypotheses. Engelmann’s theory was very successful in that regard. His hypotheses were on target whether about aggression, random violence, cultural closure, anti-intellectualism, diminishing freedoms, or scientific viewpoints. In the late 1960s when riots were common place and everyone blamed everyone else, Engelmann sought answers to questions no one else was asking. Statistically speaking, how do groups emerge? In terms of probability how can they persist? The questions involve two mathematical curves. One represents the likelihood that a subgroup of a specific size will emerge; the other is the probability that it will persist. The product of the two curves provided the answer for the one-third hypothesis in 1967.^[13] Those groups most likely to emerge and to persist are the ones that amount to one-third of the total population, whether they be ethnic enclaves in the city, ^[14] students protesting in the streets, social movements coming to the fore, or local governments on the rise.

Most intriguing was Engelmann’s concept central to almost all his hypotheses. Both the intensity and complexity of an average individual’s behavior cannot increase simultaneously. As one goes up the other goes down. Twenty-three centuries after Aristotle we find an explanation for his assertion, "If we take intense delight in one thing, we cannot do anything else at all." ^[15] We also find that behavioral intensity increases with rising interaction frequency even as complexity declines. Therein lies the source of both power exercise and the widespread approval of it in modern times.

Engelmann’s sociology of knowledge carefully distinguished between total relativisim and intellectually adequate work. In other words, “…ideas limited by one’s own social position will be biased…Engelmann argued that scientific observations (and laws) are societally invariate--true across the entire society.” ^[16]

In Engelmann's office hung two photos, one of Albert Einstein, the other of Martin Luther King, Jr. Each in his own way underscored the fact that society is a network of direct and indirect interactions. Their views on society, which were very similar to those of Engelmann, became many years later the source of an article by one of his former students called “The Preacher and the Physicist.” ^[17]

[edit] Works

• Methodological and Philosophical Bases of Social Scientific Theory Dissertation (1953) 349 leaves
• Theoretical Sociology: Its Bases and Place in Modern Science (1966) 727 pages

• Essays in Social Theory and Social Organization (1966) 242 pages

• Sociology A Guided Study Text (1969) 430 pages

• Behavior, Interaction, and Social Organization (1980) 154 pages

• Problems of Sociological Inquiry (1993) 191 pages

• Journey into a New Life (2002) 522 pages

[edit] A Partial Bibliography of Articles By Hugo O. Engelmann

• 1957: “A Systemic Dynnamic Approach to Social Theory” published in Essays in Social Theory and Social Organization. (1967):15-52
• 1957: "A Highly Significant Book." A review of Thomas Kuhn's The Copernican Revolution. The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 28, No. 9 (Dec): 514
• 1960:“The Activity Bias of Ethnography and the History of Society,“ Anthropological Quarterly. Vol. 33. No. 3, July:158-163.
• 1962: “The European Empire: From Charlemagne to the Common Market,“ Social Forces. Vol 40, No. 4. May: 297-301
• 1962: “Class Succession and the Coming Struggle for Power,” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 214, October: 347-358
• 1962: "Social Psychological Issues in the Theory of Social Organization," The Sociological Quarterly. Vol 3, No. 4 (Oct): 286-295

• 1967: “Population Expansion and the Social System,” Indian Sociological Bulletin. 51, October: 21-38

• 1967: “Communication to the Editor,” [A curious mathematical property]. American Sociologist. Vol. 2 Number 4: 217

• 1967: with Kirby Throckmorton, “Interaction frequency and crime rates,” The Wisconsin Sociologist. Vol. 5; Winter 1966-Spring 1967, # 1&2

• 1968: “Population Size and Social Organization,” The Cornell Journal of Social Relations. 32; Fall: 1-6

• 1968: “The problem of dialect in the American school,” Journal of Human Relations. Vol. 16, No. 4: 524-531

• 1969: with Richard Wanner, “Population size and industrial technology,” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Vol. 28, No. 3: 249-256

• 1969: “Melody space analysis: a technique for comparative cultural study,” Indian Sociological Bulletin. Vol VII No. 1

• 1970: “Sorokin and the Sociology of Knowledge,” in G.C. Hallen and Rajeshwar Prasad (eds.) Sorokin and Sociology, Agra Satish Book Enterprise;

• 1970: “The Demise of American Cities and the Burgeoning of Urban Studies,” International Review of History and Political Science. 73; August: 1-8;

• 1970: “General systems theory --structuralist or dynamic? A comment on Hornback's summary.” NIU. probably in ‘’Heuristics’’

• 1971: “Twentieth century man and God: an historic perspective,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology. Jan, Vol 8, No. 1
• 1971: "Juris Veidemanis 1923-1971," American Sociologist. Aug, Vol 6, Issue 3:267-268
• 1972: “The Quasi-system of World Society A Systemic Dynamic Analysis,”(Paper, AAAS Washington Meeting, Dec. 26-31

• 1975: with John H. Engelmann, “Interaction frequency and behavior in the chemical laboratory,” Wisconsin Sociologist. Vol. 12 (Fall): 107-121

• 1977: with John H. Engelmann, “Case Law, Statute Law, and the Nature of Institutions,” International Behavior Scientist. 92, June: 1-21

• 1977: “Interaction Analysis and Community Typology,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology. 141&2; June & April: 1-10

• 1977: “Marx as an upper class ideologist,” International Review of History and Political Science. (Nov.) Vol 14, No.4: 26-40

• 1981: “Systemic Dynamic Social Theory,” International Review of Modern Sociology. 11 (1;Jan-Dec): 251-282

• 1981: with A. E. Cash, “The decline of power exercise at high interaction frequency levels,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology.

• 1985: “Orwell, modern thought, and totalitarianism,” Quarterly Journal of Ideology. Vol. 9, No. 2: 17-31

• 1987: “The Flight from Ambiguity by Donald N. Levine,” A book review 65(3)895

• 1990: “A review of ‘’Europe after an American Withdrawal Economic and Military Issues’’,” edited by Jane M. O. Sharp. Oxford Oxford University Press, Journal of Political and Military Sociology. Vol. 18, No. 2

• 1991: “Against canonical vocabulary in sociology,” Perspectives. Vol 14, No. 2 (April): 4

• 1991: “A sociohistorical perspective for East European developments,” Journal of Political and Military Sociology. Vol. 19 (Winter): 217-231

• 1991: “Communication] to the editors,” States and Societies. 8 (3;Winter): 7-8

• 1996: "Review - ´The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries´," Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 24 (1), 133-139.

• 2001: “Letters to the Editor. Science under siege,” submitted for publication Skeptical Inquirer, dated October 11.

[edit] Notes

1. Englemann, Hugo O. 2002. Journey Into a New Life. Carmel, IN, Simudell Publishers.

2. Müller, Reinhard and Christian Fleck. 2000. "Österreichische Soziologinnen und Soziologen im Exil 1933 bis 1945," University of Graz. http//www.kfunigraz.ac.at/sozwww/agsoe/soz/oes/oes_e.htm.

3. Elder, Joann F. 2000. "The Wisconsin Sociological Association A Brief History,” University of Wisconsin.

4. Nelson, James K. 1998. "Milwaukee School Desegregation in the 1960s," University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.

5. Engelmann, Hugo O. 2001. “Letters to the Editor. Science under siege,” submitted for publication Skeptical Inquirer, dated. October 11., 2001.

6. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1970. "Population Expansion and the Social System," Indian Sociological Bulletin. pp. 21-38.

7. Engelmann, Hugo O. and A. E. Cash. 1981. "The decline of power exercise at high interaction frequency levels," International Journal of Contemporary Sociology. 8. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1985. „Orwell, modern thought, and totalitarianism,” Quarterly Journal of Ideology. Vol. 9, No. 2: 17-31.

9. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1991. "A sociohistorical perspective for East European developments," Journal of Political and Military Sociology. Vol. 19 (Winter) 217-231.

10. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1960. “The Activity Bias of Ethnography and the History of Society,“ Anthropological Quarterly. Vol. 33. No. 3, July:158-163.

11. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1962. “The European Empire: From Charlemagne to the Common Market,“ Social Forces. Vol 40, No. 4. May: 297-301.

12. Engelmann, Hugo O. 2001. Letters to the Editor. "Science is under siege," Skeptical Inquirer, dated. October 11.

13. Engelmann, Hugo O. 1967. Communication to the Editor. [A curious mathematical property], American Sociologist. Vol. 2 Number 4: 217

14. Youngquist, Wayne A. 1968. "Wooden shoes and the one-third hypothesis." The Wisconsin Sociologist. Vol. 6; Spring-Summer 1968; # 1 & 2.

15. Aristotle. Nicomachaean Ethics. Book 10, Chapter 5, James. E. C. Welldon translation.

16. Mica, J. Hunter. 2006. Assistant Director of Admission for Research and Information, Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York.

17. Johnson, Warren R. 2001. “The Preacher and the Physicist.” Heidelberg, Germany: UMUC Social Sciences Newsletter. Term II 2001-2002, pp. 7-8.

[edit] External Links

Johnson, Warren R. 2001. “The Preacher and the Physicist.” Heidelberg, Germany: UMUC Social Sciences Newsletter. Term II 2001-2002, pp. 7-8. http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~wjohnson/EINSTEIN_&_KING.htm

Nelson, James K. 1998. "Milwaukee School Desegregation in the 1960s," University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. http://www.uwm.edu/~jnelsen/port/hist600.html