Howard Zahniser
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Howard Clinton Zahniser (1906-1964) was an American environmental activist. Zahniser is noted for being the primary author of the Wilderness Act of 1964.
Zahniser was born on February 25, 1906, in Franklin, Pennsylvania, and grew up in nearby Tionesta along the banks of the Allegheny River close to the Allegheny National Forest. He attended college at Greenville College in Greenville, Illinois, where he graduated with a B.A. degree in English in 1928.[1]
After beginning his career with the United States Bureau of Biological Survey (1930), Zahniser went on to become executive secretary of The Wilderness Society and editor of The Living Wilderness from 1945 through 1964.
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[edit] Echo Park Dam controversy
United States Bureau of Reclamation plans for a ten-dam, billion dollar Colorado River Storage Project began to arouse opposition in the early 1950s when it was announced that one of the proposed dams would be at Echo Park, in the middle of Dinosaur National Monument. The controversy assumed major proportions, dominating conservation politics for years. David Brower, executive director of the Sierra Club and Zahniser representing The Wilderness Society[2] led an unprecedented nationwide campaign to preserve the free-flowing rivers and scenic canyons of the Green and Yampa Rivers. If even a national monument was not safe from development, they reasoned, how could any wildland be kept intact?
On the other side of the argument were powerful members of Congress from western states, who were committed to the Colorado River Storage Project in order to secure water rights, obtain cheap hydroelectric power and develop reservoirs as tourist destinations. After much debate, Congress settled on a compromise that eliminated Echo Park Dam and authorized the rest of the project. The Colorado River Storage Project Act became law on April 11, 1956. It stated, “that no dam or reservoir constructed under the authorization of the Act shall be within any National Park or Monument.”
Historians view the Echo Park Dam controversy as signaling the start of an era that includes major conservationist political successes such as the Wilderness Act and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.
[edit] Wilderness Act
In his capacity with The Wilderness Society, Zahniser drafted the Wilderness Act in 1956, which was introduced in the United States Congress that same year — in the House of Representatives by Congressman John P. Saylor of Pennsylvania, and in the Senate by Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota. Zahniser was the main proponent of the Wilderness Act over the subsequent eight years that it took to pass the legislation, including overseeing numerous rewrites, attending all 18 public hearings on the bill, and personally lobbying virtually every member of Congress in support of the legislation.
Zahniser died of heart failure on May 5, 1964, just a few months before President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Wilderness Act into law in September of that year.[3] The Wilderness Act established America's National Wilderness Preservation System, which today permanently protects more than 106 million acres of federal public land for the benefit of future generations of people and wildlife alike. Wilderness areas must be designated by act of Congress under the framework of the Wilderness Act that Zahniser created on United States Forest Service, National Park Service, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Land Management lands. There have been more than 100 separate wilderness bills signed into law since 1964. Every United States President since 1964 has signed substantial wilderness legislation during his time in office.
Zahniser is buried in the Tionesta Riverside Cemetery, his rough-hewn marker, taken from the surrounding forest, facing his beloved Allegheny River.
[edit] References
- ^ Howard Zahniser at Greenville College
- ^ Howard Zahniser at the Wilderness Society
- ^ Howard Zahniser at Wilderness.net
