HMS Hermes (95)
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 HMS Hermes in 1937. |
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| Career |  |
|
|---|---|---|
| Laid down: | January 1918 | |
| Launched: | 11 September 1919 | |
| Commissioned: | July 1923 | |
| Fate: | Sunk by Japanese air attack on April 9, 1942. | |
| General Characteristics | ||
| Displacement: | 11,085 tons | |
| Length: | 182.27 m | |
| Beam: | 21.41 m | |
| Draft: | 5.64 m | |
| Propulsion: | Two steam turbines, 40,000 hp (30 MW) | |
| Speed: | 25 knots (46 km/h) | |
| Range: | ||
| Complement: | 700 officers and men | |
| Armament: | Six 5.5 inch (140 mm) guns, three 4 inch (102 mm) anti-aircraft guns and eight 12.7mm AA guns. Six 20 mm guns were added in 1934[citation needed]. | |
| Aircraft: | Initially 15 (Fairey III and Flycatcher) then 12 (Fairey Swordfish II or Supermarine Walrus). | |
HMS Hermes (95) of the Royal Navy was the world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier to be launched, although the Imperial Japanese Navy's Hōshō was the first to be commissioned. The design of Hermes preceded and influenced that of the Hōshō, and she was launched before Hōshō was laid down but her commissioning did not occur until more than six months after that of the Hōshō.
Hermes was laid down by Sir W. G. Armstrong-Whitworth and Company at High Walker on the River Tyne in January 1918 and was launched on September 11, 1919. She was not commissioned until 1923.
Like Hōshō, Hermes was based on a cruiser-type hull, and the design incorporated lessons learned from the operation of the earlier carriers such as HMS Furious and HMS Argus. Notably, this included a full-length flush flight deck and an island superstructure and funnel to starboard. The latter innovation allowed the ship to be conned effectively but did not interfere with air operations. The logic behind placing it to starboard was that early aircraft were powered by rotary engines that rotated in a clockwise manner (when viewed from the front). The whirling mass generated considerable torque, and aircraft tended to yaw to the left upon take off. It was therefore desirable that they would turn away from any potential obstructions. An interesting identification feature was the tripod mast, which had two forward and one rear leg, a somewhat unique arrangement. However, operational experience with Hermes demonstrated that her air complement was too small, her protection and endurance limited, her speed was not sufficient for fleet operations and that her stability was poor, especially in high seas.
During World War II she served briefly with the Home Fleet before being assigned to the southern Atlantic from October 1939. She worked with the French navy based at Dakar until the Vichy government came to power, following that her aircraft took part in a strike against the French vessels at Dakar. In July 1940 she collided with a merchant vessel and was repaired at Simonstown, South Africa. Following repairs she continued patrols but this time in the Indian Ocean as part of the Eastern Fleet.
During the Indian Ocean raid, Hermes was in harbour at Trincomalee, Ceylon, undergoing repairs. Advance warning of a Japanese air raid allowed her to leave port, but as she returned following the raid on April 9, 1942, she was spotted off Batticaloa by a Japanese reconnaissance plane. Lacking planes of her own, she was defenceless when she was attacked by 70 Japanese bombers. Hit 40 times, Hermes sank with the loss of 307 men. Her escorts — the destroyer HMAS Vampire and the corvette Hollyhock — and two tankers were also sunk. 590 survivors of the attack were picked up by the hospital ship Vita and taken to Colombo. Some survivors were taken to Kandy where they spent 10 days recuperating at the Queens Hotel.
