History of the Konkan
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The Konkan is an ancient historical country in South Asia and the East Indies. Its people and its language are called Konkani.
The Konkan is presently included in the territories of Gujarat (part), Daman and Diu, Dadar and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra (part), Goa and Karnataka (part). Historical Konkani emigrant communities exist outside the Konkan, principally in Tuluva or Tulunad, Kerala and Maharashtra (Desh & Marathwada).
The city of Mumbai is the largest city in the Konkan.
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[edit] Etymology
It is claimed by some that the name originated in a supposed aborigine tribe called the Konkas. However, the name Konka is actually a variant corruption of the name Konkna, a variant form of the name Konkani or a native of the Konkan, via the form Kokne.
The version that traces the name to the word "kon" or corner, seems to be more reliable.[citation needed]
[edit] Name variants
The country has historically been called Concan in old Portuguese, Goan Konkani and English sources, before a shift to the present form. The Marathi usually call it the "Kokan".
[edit] Political Konkan
Politically, the Konkan vibhag (division) is one of six divisions of the state of Maharashtra on the western coast of South Asia or the Indian subcontinent. Maharashtra Konkan is divided into the districts of Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, Thane, Bombay Urban and Bombay Suburban.
The actual Konkan, however, is much larger than the Maharashtra Konkan, with its far north included in Gujarat, Daman, Dadra & Nagar-Haveli, and its far south forming the entirety of Goa and part of Uttara Kanara district of Karnataka state of India.
[edit] Geography
The Sahyadri Mountain range ("Western Ghats") forms the eastern boundary of the Konkan, and the Arabian Sea marks the western boundary. The southern boundary is the Gangavali River. The Mayura River forms the northern boundary.
The Gangavali flows in the district of North Canara ("Uttara Kannada") in present-day "Karnataka State"; the cis-Gangavali portion (seen from Bombay) of this district is the southern-most part of the Konkan. The towns of Gokarn, Guhagar, Honavar, and Karwar fall within the Konkan.
The exact identity of the Mayura River, the northern limits of the historic Konkan, is indeterminate.
[edit] Ethnology
The Gramit or Gamit tribals of the Maharashtra Konkan (districts of Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad or Alibag or Colaba, Bombay Urban, Bombay Suburban and Thane in "Maharashtra State") are the original Konkani proletariat of the Maharashtra Konkan, who have been driven into forest lands and reduced to tribal and "low caste" status by Marathi and Gujarati colonists in the Konkan.
Gamit is the Prakritic form of the Sanskrit Gramit, which means a legal constituent of a Grama or a village-commune. By definition of the Hindu social order, a forest-dweller, Adivasi or "low-caste" person cannot be a Gramit. Therefore, that the Gamits are today of a low status is proof that they have suffered social, political and economic degradation as a result of dispossession or displacement.
It is also certain that the "Konknni", "Konkna", "Konknni", "Koknni" and "Kunkna" tribals native to the territories of Maharashtra Konkan, Dadra & Nagar-Haveli, Daman and Cis-Narmada Gujarat, are also descended from displaced Konkani proletariat driven into forest lands and reduced in status by Marathi and Gujarati colonists.
The "Greater Konkan" or "Sapta-Konkan" (literally, "Seven Konkans") of ancient Hindu records is the Konkan plus the further ethnic homelands of Haiva (trans-Gangavali part of "Uttara Kannada"), Tuluva (largely "Dakshina Kannada" or the Districts of Udipi and South Canara, and lastly the "Keralapatti", which is Kerala or Malabar District.
It is probable that the northern-most boundary of the Konkan, the "Mayura" River, is identical to the Narmada River, but there is no concrete evidence. However, the Dangs prove that the historic Konkan extends at least close to the Narmada.
According to claims made based on the ancient Hindu records, the Konkan originally extended until the Gulf of Cambay. The matter is uncertain, and will remain so until the present identity of the Mayura River is determined.
[edit] The Dangs
The Dangs, meaning "rugged or difficult country", is a country in the Konkan populated by natives speaking the Dangi dialect of Konkani. It was ruled by several petty kings, but after 1947, it was integrated into the Bombay Presidency province, and later into the state of Gujarat, to which it belongs administratively at present.
[edit] Anomaly of the Bene Israelis and Chitpavans
Four communities stand out as anomalies in the Konkan: The Bene Israelis, the Shamedi often mistaken to be Samavediss the Navaiyats and the Chitpavans.
The Bene Israelites were originally Teli by caste, Vaishyas or Shudras specializing in the extraction of vegetable oil and its commerce. It is claimed that they are descended from Jewish refugees in the Konkan. However, their mother tongue is Marathi, not Konkani. (Their language is described as Judæo-Marathi, but it is admitted that this is not a truly distinct dialect).
The Shamedi are descended from a Musician and Dramatician sub-caste from Puri Orissa that settled during the Buddhist era during the times of Samrat Chandra Gupta around Bombay, or more exactly around the then entrepots of Thane, Kalyan and Sopara, for Bombay did not exist then. They adopted Christianity as a result of missionaries sent by the Portuguese who had conquered the area from the Arab controlled Sultanate of Cambay in present-day Gujarat State. They have existed in the Konkan from at least 500 B.C., so they predated any Jewish refugees-settlers. Yet they have retained their dialect of Konkani as their mother tongue, unlike the other "Norteiro people" (natives of the former Portuguese "Court of the North", centered around Baçaim) who were forced to adopt Marathi by the Maratha conquerors under Baji Rao Peshwa, and who renamed themselves "East Indian" about the 1870s.
The third community is that of the Navaiyats or "Newcomers", Muslim Arab refugees from a civil war in Arabia, the Karmali rebellion, who also settled in the Konkan about 800-900 A.D., and whose mother-tongue is the Navaiyat dialect of Konkani.
The Konkani Muslims are further divided into at least two major categories, namely those who are the progeny of Arab intermarriages with the women of the cultivating castes, and those who are converts to Islam. The former are known as the Jamaatis, and the later as Daldis; the later however, resent this term and prefer being called Mahigir (fishermen), another indication of the desire of some Konkanis for Arabic/Persian terms instead of Indian, which can be interpreted as another instance of homogenization with the Urdu speaking Muslim communities. The Jamaatis are conscious and proud of their Arab ancestry and constitute the elite group. The Mahigirs are the descendants of the Kolis, the Konkan fishermen. The Mahigirs continue their traditional occupation even in the late 1990s. The two Konkani groups are spatially differentiated due to occupational differences. Mahigirs live in the fishing villages by the creeks, whereas the Jamaatis are mainly concentrated in the inland villages as agriculturists and as those involved in forestry and mango orchards.
The Konkani Muslims possess most of the important attributes of an ethnic group. Like the Moplahs of Malabar, they are the progeny of Arab immigrants and Indian women, they speak the same dialect of Konkani language, and marry among themselves, in anthropological terms they are generally endogamous. Yet, according to A.R. Momin, "the Konkani Muslim community has a well defined system of ranking and stratification. They frequently have fair skin, and light eyes.
Topmost in the hierarchy are those who distinguish themselves from the rest on account of purity of descent and ancestral nobility. Families with surnames like Faqih, Farid, Khatib, Patel, Burbere, Narvil, Hani, Qazi, Tase, [among some others] and Muallim belong to this category.
Next come people with surnames like Chivne, Bolinjkar, Bhoje, and Jairumi. They are considered to be lower down in the hierarchy on account of differences in occupation and family background. Lower than these two are the Wajas or Wazah.
The existence of the Samvedi and the Navaiyats militate against the claim of a Jewish ancestry of the Bene Israelites, for, if they were descended from Jewish refugees settled in the Konkan, their mother tongue would have been Konkani, not Marathi. That their mother tongue is Marathi proves that they are immigrants from the Maharashtra Desh - the original Marathi homeland, into the Konkan.
The fourth anomalous community, the Chitpavans are hypothetized to be of East European, Scytho-Iranian or Ashkenazi origin as per the DNA analysis[citation needed]. One can easily make out a prototype Chitpavan by his distinct European looks, fair skin, and light eyes.
The Bene Israelis claim that Chitpavans are descended from their fellow-Jewish survivors who converted to Hinduism for social reasons[citation needed].
The Chitpavans appear to be the last of the immigrants to the Konkan. While the exact dates and events pertaining to their arrival in the Konkan and subsequent conversion to Brahmanism are not recorded in history, their presence in Konkan region does not appear to be older than 500-600 years[citation needed].
Regardless of when they immigrated, they indisputably assimilated and spoke a dialect of Konkani called Chitpavani. Later on in the 17th and 18th century, they emigrated to the Desh (the original Maharashtra) and adopted Marathi as their language, although some of them still use Chitpavani at home.
The Chitpavan immigration into Maharashtra proper began when Balaji Vishvanath Bhat was made the Peshwa of the Maratha kingdom, replacing the earlier Pingle dynasty of Peshwas.
Today, a small number of Chitpavans remain in their original homeland in the Konkan and continue to speak their Chitpavani dialect of the Konkani language.
The Chitpavans are also called Konkanastha Brahmins, as distinguished from the Maharashtrian Brahmins, who are called Deshastha Brahmins. The epithet Konkanastha is also applied to Kshatriyas, e.g., the Ranes, belonging to the Konkan. Other Konkanastha Brahmins are the Gaud Saraswats, etc.
