History of Quebec City
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[edit] French Rule
Quebec City was founded on July 3, 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. de Champlain named his settlement after a local Indian word meaning “the river narrows here.” de Champlain's settlement was located at the foot of Cap Diamant (the peninsula on which Old Quebec lies today) . The French settlement was at first sparsely inhabited and served mostly as a point of interest for fur trading and missionaries. In 1615, the first missionaries, the Recollets, arrived in the city. From 1629-1632, the city briefly passed into possession of the British. The Jesuits arrived in 1635 and the Ursulines and Augustines in 1639. In 1636, Charles Hualt de Montmagny became the settlement’s governor, who presided over expansion of the settlement and construction of its first church, Notre Dame de la Paix (Our Lady of Peace.) Surrounding the settlement were various parcels of farm land. By 1663, the year during which Quebec became the capital city of New France, the population of Quebec and its surrounding farm lands had reached 1,950 people. The British attempt to capture the city in 1690 during King William's War failed.
[edit] British Rule
The Seven Years' War began in 1756. The British and French had co-existed in North America, but the threat of French expansion into the Ohio Valley caused the English to attempt to eradicate New France completely from the map. The French had constructed a wall around Quebec City {which exists to this day) in order to keep the British out. The British began to bombard the city on July 12, 1759, destroyed hundreds of homes. The Beauport coast was heavily fortified against British attack. Unfortunately, the British chose to land at Anse-aux-Foulons which was less defended. In the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the city was permanently lost by the French. In 1763, France formally ceded its claims to Canada, and Quebec City's French-speaking, Catholic population was under the rule of Protestant England.
The British did not set out, however, to persecute Quebec's native French population. The Quebec Act, passed in 1774, allowed the Quebecois to have religious freedom. The French-Canadians were therefore not unhappy enough with British rule to choose to participate in the American Revolution. Without Canadian cooperation against the British, the thirteen colonies instead attempted to invade Canada. The city was therefore once again under siege when the Battle of Quebec (1775) occurred in 1775. The initial attack was a failure due to American inexperience with the extreme cold temperatures of the city in December. Benedict Arnold refused to accept the defeat in the Battle of Quebec and a siege against the city continued until May 6, 1776, when the American army finally retreated.
The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided Canada into an "Upper," English-speaking colony, and a "Lower," French-speaking colony. Québec City was made the capital of "Lower Canada" and enjoyed more self-rule following the passage of this act. The city's industry began to grow, and by the early 1800s it was the third largest port city in North America. Lumber was the largest export of the city at this time. The business boom continued for most of the century and Quebec began welcoming thousands of immigrants.
[edit] Canadian Independence
Canadian independence came peacefully with the first BNA Act in 1867.
In 1917, the construction of the Quebec Bridge, connecting the North and South banks of the St. Laurence River, was finished. To this day it is the longest cantilever bridge in the world, though two collapses of the center of the bridge during construction cost over 80 workers their lives.
During World War II, two Allied Forces conferences were held in the city. The first, held in 1943, assembled Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the United States; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; William Lyon Mackenzie King, Prime Minister of Canada and T.V. Soong, Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs. The seconde conference was held in 1944 and Churchill and Roosevelt participated. The conferences were held at the Citadel and nearby Château Frontenac.
[edit] Modern-Day Quebec City
In 1984, Opération Nez rouge was founded in Quebec City. It has been imitated in many other European countries.
In April 2001, Quebec City played host to the Summit of the Americas where the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was discussed. This conference was expected to be filled with confrontations between the police and anti-globalization groups, which meant that the location of walled Quebec City was vital for security reasons.
On January 1, 2002, surrounding towns were incorporated into the existing city. The "New Quebec city" includes 11 former municipalities: Sainte-Foy, Beauport, Charlesbourg, Sillery, Loretteville, Val-Bélair, Cap-Rouge, Saint-Émile, Vanier, and Lac-Saint-Charles, in addition to the original Quebec City.
In 2005, Capitale-Nationale played host to the second most important sporting event in the world besides the Olympic Games, the World Police and Fire Games, which was a success for the city, with as many as 11,000 athletes and 14,000 persons accompanying them, making 25,000 persons in total.) The City also experienced higher than average temperatures with an average of 30 degrees celsius.
