History of Communist Bulgaria
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The History of Communist Bulgaria encompasses the period of Bulgarian history between 1944 and 1989. During this time, the country was known as the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) (Bulgarian: Народна република България) and was under the administration of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). BCP transformed itself in 1990, changing its name to Bulgarian Socialist Party, and is currently part of the governing coalition government. Bulgaria was an Eastern Bloc Soviet satellite state during the Cold War, a member of the Warsaw Pact and the Comecon.
 History of Bulgaria |
| Old Great Bulgaria |
| First Bulgarian Empire |
| Second Bulgarian Empire |
| Early Ottoman Bulgaria |
| National Awakening |
| Kingdom of Bulgaria |
| People's Republic of Bulgaria |
| Republic of Bulgaria |
Contents |
[edit] Stalinism
Although Georgi Dimitrov had been in exile, mostly in the Soviet Union, since 1923, he was far from being a Soviet puppet. He had shown great courage in Nazi Germany during the Reichstag Fire trial of 1933, and had later headed the Comintern during the period of the Popular Front. He was also close to the Yugoslav Communist leader Tito, and believed that Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, as closely related South Slav peoples, should form a federation. This idea was not favoured by Stalin, and there have long been suspicions that Dimitrov's sudden death in July 1949 was not accidental, although this has never been proved. It coincided with Stalin's expulsion of Tito from the Cominform, and was followed by a "Titoist" witchhunt in Bulgaria. This culminated in the show trial and execution of the Deputy Prime Minister, Traicho Kostov. The elderly Kolarov died in 1950, and power then passed to an extreme Stalinist, Vulko Chervenkov.
Bulgaria's Stalinist phase lasted less than five years. The process of industrialization was accelerated, agriculture was collectivised, and peasant rebellions crushed. Up to 12,000 persons passed through labour camps between 1945-53.[1] The Orthodox Patriarch was confined to a monastery and the Church placed under state control. In 1950 diplomatic relations with the U.S. were broken off. The Turkish minority was persecuted, and border disputes with Greece and Yugoslavia revived.
Yet, Chervenkov's support base even in the Communist Party was too narrow for him to survive long once his patron, Stalin, was gone. Stalin died in March 1953, and in March 1954 Chervenkov was deposed as Party Secretary with the approval of the new leadership in Moscow and replaced by the youthful Todor Zhivkov. Chervenkov stayed on as Prime Minister until April 1956, when he was finally dismissed and replaced by Anton Yugov.
[edit] The Zhivkov era
Zhivkov ran Bulgaria for the next 33 years, being completely loyal to the Soviets but pursuing a more moderate policy at home. Relations were restored with Yugoslavia and Greece, the labour camps were closed, the trials and executions of Kostov and other "Titoists" (though not of Nikola Petkov and other non-Communist victims of the 1947 purges) were officially regretted. Some limited freedom of expression was restored and the persecution of the Church was ended. The upheavals in Poland and Hungary in 1956 were not emulated in Bulgaria, but the Party placed firm limits and restrains to intellectual and literary freedom to prevent any such outbreaks.
Yugov retired in 1962, and Zhivkov then became Prime Minister as well as Party Secretary. In 1971, with the adoption of a new Constitution, Zhivkov promoted himself to Head of State (Chairman of the State Council) and made Stanko Todorov Prime Minister. Zhivkov survived the Soviet leadership's transition from Khrushchev to Brezhnev in 1964, and in 1968 again demonstrated his loyalty to the Soviet Union by taking part in the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Bulgaria became generally regarded as the Soviet Union's most loyal Eastern European satellite. In 1968, Todor Zhivkov unoficially requested that Bulgaira join the Soviet Union as its 16th Republic[citation needed]. Leonid Brezhnev, however, rejected that request.
[edit] Fall of the Communist regime
Although Zhivkov was never a despot in the Stalinist mold, by 1981, when he turned 70, his regime was growing increasingly corrupt, autocratic and erratic, with a brief period of relative liberalisation coming to an end that year when his daughter Lyudmila died. This was shown most notably in a bizarre campaign of forced assimilation and persecution against the ethnic Turkish minority (comprising 10 percent of the total population), who were forbidden to speak the Turkish language[citation needed] and were forced to adopt Bulgarian names. Many Bulgarian Turks fled to Turkey, and the issue strained Bulgaria's economic relations with the West.
By the time the impact of Mikhail Gorbachev's reform program in the Soviet Union was felt in Bulgaria in the late 1980s, the Communists, like their leader, had grown too feeble to resist the demand for change for long. In November 1989 demonstrations on ecological issues were staged in Sofia, and these soon broadened into a general campaign for political reform. Part of the Bulgarian Communist Party leadership, realizing the need for urgent change, reacted promptly by deposing the decrepit Zhivkov and replacing him with foreign minister Petar Mladenov, on November 10, 1989. This swift move, however, gained a short respite for the Communist Party and prevented revolutionary change. In February 1990 the Communist Party voluntarily gave up its absolute hold on power and, in June 1990, the first free elections since 1931 were held, thus paving Bulgaria's way to multiparty democracy.
[edit] See also
| History of the Communist Eastern bloc | |
|---|---|
| Albania | Bulgaria | Czechoslovakia | East Germany | Hungary | Poland | Romania | Yugoslavia | |
