Historical Chinese phonology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Historical Chinese phonology deals with reconstructing the sounds of Chinese from the past. As Chinese is written with characters, not alphabet or syllabary, the methods employed in Historical Chinese phonology differ considerably from those employed in, for example, Indo-European linguistics.
Chinese scholars, especially those in the Qing Dynasty including Duan Yucai, studied the sound system (phonology) of Middle and Old Chinese for years, but it was a Swedish scholar, Bernhard Karlgren, with his knowledge of Western historical linguistics, who made the first attempt of reconstructing the actual sounds (phonetics) of ancient Chinese during the early 20th century. Walter Simon and Henri Maspero also made great contributions in the field during the early days of its development.
The reconstruction of Middle Chinese draws its data from:
- rime dictionaries and rime tables of the Middle Chinese era, such as Guangyun
- modern Chinese speaking variants such as Hakka, Mandarin, Yue, Wu, Min & etc.
- Chinese loanwords in other languages such as Vietnamese, Japanese and Korean
- the transliteration of foreign words from other languages such as Sanskrit and Tibetan into Chinese
Insight to the phonology of this era was further gained with the discovery of the fragmentary Qieyun in the Dunhuang Caves in the 1930s. The work had earlier been considered lost. Karlgren, who based his work on much later rime dictionaries, suggested that Middle Chinese was a live language of the Sui-Tang period. Today, this view has been replaced by that the sound system in Qieyun represents the literate reading adopted by the literate class of the period throughout the country, not any live language that once existed.
The reconstruction of Old Chinese is more controversial than that of Middle Chinese since it has to extrapolate from the Middle Chinese data. Phonological information concerning Old Chinese are chiefly gained from:
- the rhymed texts written before the Qin Dynasty, chiefly Shijing, the earliest anthology of Chinese poetry
- the fact that characters sharing the same phonetic component were homophones or near-homophones when the characters were first created.
Today the reconstruction of Old Chinese is carried out in the light of Sino-Tibetan linguistics.
[edit] External links
- Chinese Phonological History, Dylan W.H. Sung
- Introduction to Chinese Historical Phonology, Guillume Jacques
- Periodization of Chinese Phonology, Marjorie K.M Chan
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| Traditional categories: | ||||
| Other: | ||||
| Unclassified: | ||||
| Note: The above is only one classification scheme among many. The categories in italics are not universally acknowledged to be independent categories. |
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| Subcategories of Mandarin: | Northeastern | Beijing | Ji-Lu | Jiao-Liao | Zhongyuan | Lan-Yin | Southwestern | Jianghuai | Dungan | |||
| Subcategories of Min: | Min Bei | Min Nan | |||
| Min Dong | Min Zhong | Hainanese | Puxian | | Shaojiang | ||||
| Comprehensive list of Chinese dialects | ||||
| Official spoken varieties: | Standard Mandarin | Standard Cantonese | |||
| Historical phonology: | Old Chinese | Middle Chinese | Proto-Min | Proto-Mandarin | Haner | |||
| Chinese: written varieties | ||||
| Official written varieties: | Classical Chinese | Vernacular Chinese | |||
| Other varieties: | Written Vernacular Cantonese | |||
