Himeji Castle

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Himeji Castle 姫路城
Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan
View from Nishi-no-maru
Type	Azuchi-Momoyama castle
Built	1333-1346; destroyed and rebuilt 1580; major expansions 1601-1608
Built by	Akamatsu clan (original); Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1580) Ikeda Terumasa (17th c. expansion)
Construction materials	Wood, stone, plaster, tile
In use	1333-1868
Demolished	1580, and rebuilt by Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Current condition	Largely intact, restoration work begun in 1956
Controlled by	Akamatsu clan (1346-1580), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1580-1598), Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1871), Japan (1871-present)
Commanders	Kuroda Yoshitaka (c. 1580-1590s), Ikeda Terumasa (c. 1601-1610s)

**Himeji-jō**^a
**UNESCO World Heritage Site**

State Party	Japan
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, iv
Identification	#661
Region^b	Asia-Pacific
Inscription History
Formal Inscription:	1993 17th Session
a Name as officially inscribed on the WH List b As classified officially by UNESCO

Himeji Castle (Japanese: 姫路城; -jō) is a Japanese castle located in Himeji in Hyōgo Prefecture. It is one of the oldest surviving structures from medieval Japan, and was registered as the first Japanese National Cultural Treasure by UNESCO World Heritage Site and a Japanese National Cultural Treasure in December, 1993. Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan. It is occasionally known as Hakurojō or Shirasagijō ("White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior.

Himeji Castle frequently appears on Japanese television. Edo Castle (the present Kokyo) does not have a keep, so when a fictional show such as Abarenbo Shogun needs a magnificent substitute, the producers turn to Himeji.

1 Architecture, defenses, and design
2 History
- 2.1 Restoration
3 Popular culture
- 3.1 In film
4 External links

[edit] Architecture, defenses, and design

Himeji serves as an excellent example of the prototypical Japanese castle, containing many of the defensive and architectural features most associated with Japanese castles. The tall stone foundations, whitewash walls, and organization of the buildings within the complex are standard elements of any Japanese castle, and the site also features many other examples of typical castle design, including gun emplacements and stone-dropping holes. The current keep dates from 1601.

One of Himeji's most important defensive elements, and perhaps its most famous, is the confusing maze of paths leading to the main keep. The gates, baileys, and outer walls of the complex are organized so as to cause an approaching force to travel in a spiral pattern around the castle on their way into the keep, facing many dead ends. This allowed the intruders to be watched and fired upon from the keep during their entire approach. However, Himeji was never attacked in this manner, and so the system remains untested.

[edit] History

The castle was conceived and constructed during the Nanboku-cho era of the Muromachi period. At this time, it was called Himeyama Castle. In 1346, Akamatsu Sadanori planned a castle at the base of Mount Himeji, where Akamatsu Norimura had constructed the temple of Shomyoji. After Akamatsu fell during the Kakitsu War, Yamana clan briefly took over planning of the castle; the Akamatsu family took over again following the Ōnin War.

In 1580, Toyotomi Hideyoshi took control of the castle, and Kuroda Yoshitaka built a three-story tower.

Following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1601, Tokugawa Ieyasu granted Himeji Castle to Ikeda Terumasa. Ikeda embarked on a nine-year expansion project that brought the castle roughly to its current form. The last major addition, the Western Circle, was completed in 1618.

Himeji was one of the last holdouts of the tozama daimyō at the end of the Edo period. It was held by the descendants of Sakai Tadasumi until the Meiji Restoration. In 1868, the new Japanese government sent the Okayama army, under the command of a descendant of Ikeda Terumasa, to shell the castle with blank cartridges and drive its occupiers out.

When the han system was abolished in 1871, Himeji Castle was sold at auction. Its final price was 23 yen and in public funds.

Himeji was bombed in 1945, at the end of World War II. Although most of the surrounding area was burned to the ground, the castle survived almost entirely unscathed.

[edit] Restoration

Castle restoration efforts began in 1956

[edit] Popular culture

[edit] In film

James Bond film You Only Live Twice starring Sean Connery 1967, Himeji Castle appears as Tiger Tanaka's secret ninja training school and rocket weapons development center.
Akira Kurosawa's 'Ran' 1985, Himeji was used for large parts of the film,
The Last Samurai 2003 starring Tom Cruise, shot on location at Himeji Castle using artificial snow
Shogun 1970s starring Richard Chamberlain, shot on location at Himeji Castle, called it Osaka Castle, and you can't really see it from the water