Hill & Knowlton

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Hill & Knowlton is a global public relations company. It is owned by the WPP Group.

1 History
2 Significance
3 Controversies
4 References
5 Other links
- 5.1 Listening

[edit] History

One of the world’s five largest public relations firms, Hill & Knowlton was founded in 1927 by former journalist John W. Hill. During the Depression, Hill became partners with a banking client, Donald Knowlton. The two then began a partnership, but in 1934 Hill moved the headquarters to New York to serve as counsel to the American Iron and Steel Institute while Knowlton stayed in Cleveland, Ohio under the name Hill & Knowlton of Cleveland. As of August 2006, H&K has 71 offices in 40 countries, including 19 in the United States. Currently employing 1100 people, the firm provides both public relation and lobbying services to local, multinational and global clients, including the Enron Corporation and the International Olympic Committee. The firm was obtained by the WPP Group, one of the worlds leading communications service groups, which owns four of the largest PR firms, including Hill & Knowlton.

[edit] Significance

Today Hill & Knowlton plays a significant role due to its global reach and its ties to the US government. Hill & Knowlton has also developed close ties with many other governments around the world, including Australia, Kuwait, and Uganda, but the bulk of their efforts have mainly been directed towards handling public relations issues for conservative US administrations. Its reach and control over mass media allows the firm to have direct impact on world events, public policy, and shaping news stories; the firm has had particular success in marketing the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq to the American people. The firm has also been widely recognized, receiving awards such as Best Agency and Best Communications Organizations at the Stevie International Business Awards in 2005. Another direction on which H&K is involved is Internet where, since 2000, has built a network such as Netcomswhich gets together all Hill & Knowlton’s digital marketing division from all over the world, and Digital PR, an italian company which, first in Italy, has developed an Internet-oriented consultancy through the professional usage of new communication media.

[edit] Controversies

Hill & Knowlton has generated a fair amount of controversy. Numerous PR campaigns, on behalf of both governments and private industry appear to violate both industry ethics and civil statutes. In 1991, Hill & Knowlton received $14 million from countries known to abuse human rights, including China, Peru, Indonesia, and Egypt. They have also taken on cases that dealt with corporate crime, including the El Paso natural gas case and the Bank of Credit and Commerce International case. The company has been involved in possible government conspiracies including the alleged October Surprise and has worked for the CIA in cases where overseas offices acted as covers for US agents.

Another controversial issue is the use of propaganda by Hill & Knowlton. Since the 1930s, public relations and propaganda have merged into a profitable business, with H&K making up to $350 per hour. This increased revenue gives them the funds and ability to influence public opinion. Several examples show their use of propaganda on behalf of clients:

In 1953, Members of the Tobacco Industry hired the firm to help counteract recent scientific findings that suggested cigarette smoking led to cancer. As a result “A Frank Statement” was released to nearly every major newspaper and magazine, misleading readers into believing that cigarettes had no verifiable links to cancer.^[1] The tobacco industry remained a Hill & Knowlton client until 1968.^[2]
In 1990, on behalf of the US-funded and US-directed Citizens for a Free Kuwait, H&K researched and then created stories and “eye-witness” testimonies that described Iraqi atrocities that would build public support for Desert Storm. These "eye-witnesses" were presented to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus and included the fraudulent "Nurse Nayirah" testimony that played a major role in involving the US in the Gulf War. She testified that she had witnessed Iraqi soldiers killing hundreds of premature babies at the al-Addan hospital in Kuwait City. "They took the babies out of the incubators, took the incubators, and left the babies on the cold floor to die," she said. Congressmen were stunned. It was only after Desert Storm had officially ended that ABC reporter John Martin discovered that the none of these tales of atrocities were true. "Nayirah" was actually the daughter of the royal family member Saud Nasir al-Sabaah, the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States. Without Hill & Knowlton's PR, the Gulf War would not have been as favorable to Americans. Much is made that at this time H&K's Washington office was headed by Craig Fuller, the former chief of staff and good friend of George Bush, Sr.
Coppertone, a company that creates and sells sun care products, enlisted H&K in 1994 in order to boost profit. H&K exaggerated scientific reports of a depleted ozone layer to encourage the general public to protect themselves from skin cancer by using Coppertone's products.