Highway 407 (Ontario)

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Highway 407
Express Toll Route
Length:	108 km (67 miles)
Formed:	1997
Direction:	East/West
From:	Burlington, Ontario
To:	Pickering, Ontario
Major cities:	Brampton, York Region

Highway 407, officially called the 407 Express Toll Route (ETR), is a tollway located in southern Ontario Canada's Greater Toronto Area. It begins at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 in Burlington, and travels 108 km east to its present terminus at Highway 7 and Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1) in Pickering. Plans are currently underway to extend the highway further east through Durham Region, eventually ending at the junction of Highway 35 near Orono.

Sold to a private consortium in 1999, Highway 407 was formerly planned as a 400-series provincial freeway designed as a bypass of Highway 401, the main truck route through Southern Ontario and one of the world's busiest highways with well over 400,000 average daily trips on a section between Highway 427 and Highway 404.

Major freeway junctions with Highway 407 are located at (from west to east) the Queen Elizabeth Way, Highway 403, Highway 401, Highway 410, Highway 427, Highway 400 and Highway 404. Other major street junctions include Bronte Road (Halton Regional Road 25), Hurontario Street, Highway 27, Yonge Street and Markham Road (Highway 48). Overall there are 40 different junctions on Highway 407 connecting the toll road with the main transportation network in the Greater Toronto Area.

[edit] Unique characteristics

The 407 uses a system of cameras and transponders to toll vehicles automatically. There are no toll booths, hence the name "Express Toll Route" (ETR). Highway 407 is designed as a normal freeway with interchanges connecting directly to surface streets, without the need for toll booth intermediaries (typically via a trumpet interchange) which could otherwise take up significant land. A radio antenna detects when a vehicle with a transponder has entered and exited the highway, calculating the toll rate. For vehicles without a transponder, an automatic number plate recognition system is used. Monthly statements are mailed to users. The 407 is the world's first highway to feature this system throughout.

[edit] Description

The original section of Highway 407, between Highway 410 and Highway 404, is one of the better-designed freeways in the province of Ontario because of its recent design.

It was the first highway in almost thirty years since Highway 427 to be surfaced with concrete instead of asphalt, which despite involving a costlier initial investment, lasts significantly longer and has better reflective capabilities (although motorists have a noisier ride). Unlike most USA concrete highways where the concrete is a continuous surface on both roadway and bridge surfaces, all 407 bridge decks are covered with an Ontario styled asphalt wearing surface to save weight. It also has a high-pressure sodium high-mast lighting system installed throughout the length of the freeway; only 4 lamps are needed instead of the usual 8-12 since the concrete pavement reflects light better than asphalt. The 407 (along with other recent suburban and rural Ontario freeways) has been designed with aesthetics in mind, with landscaped embankments and storm drainage ponds at interchanges.

Because of its wide median, it has the capacity to be expanded from six to ten lanes (maximum of eight lanes through Thornhill) without having to reconstruct existing bridges and interchanges.

Braided ramps were used to avoid weaving when there were closely spaced interchanges. Interestingly, as Highway 400 northbound approaches Highway 407, 407 is Exit 26 despite the fact that it crosses Highway 400 at kilometre 28. Had it been designated Exit 28, northbound traffic would pass Exit 28 before Exit 27 (Steeles Avenue), since the ramp to the 407 leaves the 400 so far in advance of the junction. Such a situation would be more likely to confuse drives than the chosen alternate solution, which was to designate Highway 407 as Exit 26

The high-capacity junction with Highway 400 is considered one of the best-designed interchanges and it is currently the only 4-level stack in Ontario. Another 4-level interchange with Highway 427 also has the capacity to be expanded to a stack if traffic levels warrant.

[edit] Safety concerns

When the freeway was opened in 1997, many critics complained that it had skimped on safety features to save money. Many of Highway 407's shortcomings were documented in an independent study which included input from the Ontario Provincial Police. The four-way interchanges with Highway 410, Highway 427 and Highway 404 were intended to be four-level stack interchanges but they were reduced to three-level stack/cloverleaf junctions, with low-capacity loop ramps serving freeway-to-freeway traffic. Experts were also concerned about the decreased loop ramp radii and a lack of protective guardrail at sharp curves. The lack of a concrete median barrier separating the carriageways has also been a worry, considering the high traffic volumes typical of a suburban freeway and because the lighting masts are installed in the median instead of the shoulder. It was argued that the large grass median separating the carriageways was sufficient to prevent cross-over collisions, since Highway 410 has similar features. Most of these concerns were dismissed on the grounds that it would require an extensive reconstruction of the existing freeway.

Since the lease of the highway's operation, there has been a noticeable decrease in design standards, including straight-sided overpass structures (rather than the sloped design common on most provincial highways), the conversion of dual exit lanes to an exit lane and an additional travel lane in Mississauga rather than paying to widen the carriageway and maintaining two exit lanes, the reduction of the central median and the use of temporary concrete barriers rather than maintaining the median width, and the use of asphalt paving rather than concrete on the Burlington to Mississauga and Markham to Pickering sections. The freeway still adheres to minimum provincial government highway safety standards.

Left-hand exiting and complicated signage can cause problems for drivers, such as weaving across traffic to avoid exiting and being billed for accidentally driving on the highway.

Inadequate signage leading to 407 has been criticized for being misleading, with motorists incurring bills for accidentally driving onto the 407. Further controversy has centred on the westward extension from Mississauga to Burlington; despite the majority of traffic not using that section of Highway 407, the interchanges at the ends are nonetheless designed with that segment as the mainline through traffic. While this design would have been well-suited to the original design, which was intended to be used for an extension of Highway 403, this no longer applied when it was redesignated 407 and the private operators merely recycled original designs. Because most current Ontario freeways are designed with right-hand exits (while through traffic stays on the left), left-hand exits to the 407 have caused a great deal of confusion with cases of drivers unintentionally driving onto 407 from eastbound 403.

The 407 is operated privately under a 99-year lease agreement with the provincial government. The lease was sold to a consortium of Spanish, Quebec and Australian interests operating under the name 407 International Inc. for approximately 3.1 billion Canadian dollars in 1999. Highway 407 is believed to be the first financially successful privately operated toll road in North America.

[edit] Plate denial – The process

Following a judicial decision by the Ontario Divisional Court on November 7, 2005, the Ontario Registrar of Motor Vehicles was ordered to begin denying the validation or issue of vehicle permits for 407 ETR users who have failed to pay owed fees for at least 125 days. On November 7, 2005, Ontario's Transportation Minister Harinder Takhar said in a press release, "That is very serious... when it occurs through no fault of their own, but because the 407 ETR electronic system made a mistake." [1]

On November 24, 2005, the MTO announced that it would appeal the decision but would begin to deny plates until the appeal was decided.

On February 24, 2006, the Ontario Court of Appeals denied the government leave to appeal the November 7, 2005 decision. As a result, plate denial is once again in place.

Previously, in February 2000, the Ontario government would suspend driver licenses for unpaid 407 bills; however, this practice was quickly suspended by the Ontario government and the new owner of the highway after receiving many complaints from customers about erroneous billing. Between 2000 and 2005, the company said it improved its billing system to minimize the chance of plate denial errors.

The Highway 407 Act, Section 22, gives the owner of the 407 ETR the ability to deny the plate renewal of drivers who have refused to pay their tolls for 125 days or more. Before the 407 can notify the Registrar of Motor Vehicles to deny plate renewal or refuse to issue a new plate for a driver, the Highway 407 Act specifies how this process would work.

According to the Highway 407 Act, Section 13(1), the 407 can only charge drivers under two conditions: the name of the person whom the plate portion of the vehicle is issued to, or the name of the person whom the transponder unit affixed in the vehicle is issued to. If a driver enters the 407 and does not have a transponder in his or her vehicle, the 407 snaps a picture of the license plate and receives information about the person to who the plate is registered to, including the name and address, from the Ontario Ministry of Transportation. The 407 would then mail a bill to the address that is on file at the Ministry of Transportation. Drivers will have 37 days from the billing date on the statement to pay their toll.

As the 407 ETR does not receive automatic updates from the Ministry of Transportation, at least not immediately, about a driver's contact information, drivers who use the 407 ETR frequently are encouraged to keep their address and other contact information updated with the Ministry of Transportation. Otherwise, the 407 ETR may send bills to an address where the driver no longer resides and this may result in accumulating charges without the driver ever seeing a bill.

Notice of Failure to Pay

Drivers who have a 407 bill that is outstanding for more than 37 days will receive a “Notice of Failure to Pay” in the mail. At this point outstanding accounts will start accumulating interest (26.82% APR, compounded monthly). Additional administrative fees may also be charged on the account. Once a driver receives a "Notice of Failure to Pay", he or she can either pay the outstanding toll or, within 30 days of receiving the "Notice of Failure to Pay", deliver the 407 (preferably by registered mail) a Notice of Dispute listing one or more of the permitted grounds as set in the Highway 407 Act, Section 17(1). The Notice of Dispute is available for download from the 407 ETR's website.

A dispute may be filed under the following circumstances:

The toll was already paid in full;

The amount of the toll is incorrect;

The vehicle, the plate, and/or and transponder of the vehicle in question was stolen at the time the toll incurred;

The driver in question is not the person responsible for the toll under Section 13(1) of the Highway 407 Act.

Once a driver files a dispute with the 407, the 407 will have 30 days to respond to the dispute. If the 407 fails to respond for whatever reason, the disputed amount can’t be sent to plate denial. However, if the 407 informs the driver that it does not agree with the dispute, the driver may appeal the 407’s decision to an independent arbitrator appointed by the Ontario government. The 407 will have 15 days to file a written submission once informed by the arbitrator of the filed dispute.

During the arbitration process the plate denial process is not stopped, however the 407 will not use collection agencies or file a claim for the disputed amount in court. For this reason, drivers are encouraged to pay the amount owing or make arrangements to pay as soon as possible. If the arbitrator rules in favor of the driver, the 407 is required to pay the driver the amount ruled plus interest (according to the Highway 407 Act, the interest rate shall be the same as the 407 charges the driver for an outstanding amount.)

If an arbitrator rules in favor of the 407, the driver is responsible for the toll charges as well as any interest and other administrative or collection fees charged by the 407 if he or she has not yet paid the amount owing. The arbitrator’s decision is final and cannot be appealed. It should be noted that even while the dispute is being processed by an arbitrator, once 90 days pass after the Notice of Failure to Pay was sent to the driver and the account remains unpaid, the 407 will notify the Registrar of Motor Vehicles to deny plate renewal and issuance of new plates for the name of the person who the plate portion attached to the vehicle incurring the toll is issued to, or the name of the person who the transponder in the vehicle incurring the toll is registered to. By law, the Registrar of Motor Vehicles must comply and place that person on plate denial. At the same time, the 407 must send that person a “Notice of Plate Denial” by registered mail or courier. Once the person pays the outstanding amount, the 407 must notify the Registrar of Motor Vehicles immediately to remove that person from plate denial.

[edit] History

Highway 407 was the eighth 400-Series Highway planned for Ontario, to serve as a bypass of Highway 401 through Toronto and to serve as a major east-west corridor across the sprawling suburbs to the north of the city. Land adjacent to a hydro corridor was acquired for Highway 407 in the 1960s but it sat vacant for almost thirty years, because the Ontario government opted instead to widen Highway 401 to a 12-lane collector-express system. The Highway 401 expansion project was considered a success and construction of Highway 407 was put on hold until 1987.

The first section was completed in 1987 as a temporary routing for Highway 403 in Mississauga and Oakville (after a change in plans, this segment would be permanently part of Highway 403). The next phase to begin construction was a short connector between Highway 427 and Highway 400, and the upgrading of Highway 7 through Richmond Hill to a six-lane grade-separated expressway, which although originally planned to become incorporated into the 407 routing, today runs parallel to the highway. In addition, cross-street overpasses and ramps for the interchange connections to Highway 427 and Highway 400, and modifications to accommodate the highway at the Highway 403/QEW interchange, were constructed by the Ministry of Transportation in the early 1990s.

To construct the highway more quickly and to save much-needed provincial funds during an economic recession, the provincial government resorted to a public-private partnership to facilitate construction of the highway. Two firms bid on the project, with Canadian Highways International Corporation being selected as the operator of the highway. Financing for the highway would be paid by user tolls lasting 35 years, after which it would return to the provincial system as a typical, un-tolled 400-Series Highway.

The highway opened in 1997, and highway cost roughly $1.6 billion. The published $1.6 billion dollar cost does not take into account more than $100 billion dollars spent since the early 1970s acquiring the land that it sits on. (Ontario Government Hansard - Wednesday 21 October 1998 - 1520, 1550. Estimates range from $104-107 billion dollars total taxpayer investment as of March 31, 1998)

When Highway 407 finally opened in 1997, tolls were not charged for a month to allow motorists to test-drive the freeway.

As part of a controversial plan to finance revenue for tax cuts, the highway was sold to a conglomerate of private companies in 1999 for $3.1 billion. The deal included an unprecedented 99-year lease agreement, unlimited control of the highway and its tolls. The government also may not build any nearby freeway which might potentially compete with 407. However, the Government maintained the ability to build a light transit system along the 407 right of way.

When purchased, the highway ran from the junction of Highway 403 in Mississauga to Markham Road in Markham. Extensions westward to the Queen Elizabeth Way and eastward to Highway 7 and Brock Road in Pickering were constructed by the corporation, as mandated in the lease agreement. Both of these extensions were not part of the original Highway 407 plans, rather, these protected corridors were to be future, non-tolled 400-Series highways. The westward extension from Highway 403 in Mississauga to the Queen Elizabeth Way in Burlington was initially intended to be an extension of Highway 403. (Highway 407 was originally slated to assume the temporary routing for Highway 403 in Mississauga-Oakville and end at the QEW.)

Today, the highway is valued at over $10 billion, and the Progressive Conservative party has been heavily criticized for the poor terms of sale including underestimating the value of the road. Many "905ers" in the rapidly growing Greater Toronto Area who had been expecting to be served by a much-needed non-tolled Highway 407 consider its sale and skyrocketing toll rates a sellout and this significantly eroded the Conservatives' formerly strong support base in that region. The CAA considered the 407 contract a fiasco and adopted a platform where they would not support the tolling of any new or existing highways. Even though the succeeding Liberal government have been unsuccessful in their attempts at legal action against the 407 ETR operators, the contract still reflected badly upon the opposition Conservatives who defended it. Current Conservative leader John Tory has distanced himself from his predecessors on this issue and has said that he would not have sold Highway 407 if he had been Premier.

The company, known as 407 International Inc. is owned by a consortium comprised of Cintra Concesiones de Infraestructuras de Transporte (major shareholder) from Spain, Macquarie Infrastructure Group, and Montreal-based engineering firm SNC-Lavalin.

[edit] Future of the 407

Planned routing, including two north-south connector freeways in Durham Region, as part of the eastern extension.

Recently, the Ontario provincial government has quarrelled with 407 ETR over toll rates and customer service. On February 2, 2004, the government delivered notice to 407 ETR that they are considered to be in default of their contract because of 407 ETR's decision to raise toll rates without first obtaining the government's permission. The court's initial decision sided with 407 ETR: on July 10, 2004, an independent arbitrator affirmed that 407 ETR has the ability to raise toll rates without first consulting the government. The government filed an appeal of this decision but was overruled by an Ontario Superior Court decision released on January 6, 2005; however, a subsequent ruling by the Ontario Court of Appeal on June 13, 2005 granted the government permission to appeal the decision.

Traffic on the 407 ETR has grown steadily since it first opened and over 360,000 trips are taken on the average workday. However, critics have complained that the rising toll rates have made Highway 407 more of a "luxury" rather than a bypass on existing congested roads as it was initially intended. Parallel roads that Highway 407 would have supplemented ended up continuing to grow congested just a few years after Highway 407 opened. Despite the growth of traffic on 407 ETR, the Ontario government had to revisit costly widening projects of Highway 401 and the QEW.

[edit] Billing

A controversial point is the billing practice in which Highway 407 ETR customer service representatives and even collection agencies may continue to contact customers to pay bills, even in cases where the bill is incorrect or has not been incurred. Bills have even been sent to Northern Ontario, despite the recipients never hearing of Highway 407 ETR, let alone driving on it. Several stories in the media have been reported on how bills were sent to drivers using evidence from the video cameras that capture the plates. In some instances, the drivers' actual plate ended with entirely different letters or numbers than the evidence provided by the 407 ETR. Vehicles towing trailers can often be double billed or billed in the wrong weight category. Critics of the privatization of 407 complain that the operators use these tactics as a means of gouging money illegally from consumers in order to make up for such deadbeat drivers.

Drivers with transponders must be alert and listen for the exit tones from the transponder when leaving the 407, and be vigilant with making 407 customer service aware of transponder malfunction when it occurs. Otherwise, they can face "Video Toll" charges. The "Video Toll" charge will be applied to any vehicle that does not have a transponder.

For drivers without transponders, the automatic number plate recognition system is linked to several provincial and U.S. state motor vehicle registries. Currently only Ontario, Quebec, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, New York and possibly several adjacent states and provinces provide 407 ETR access to their registry databases due to the privacy laws of these states. This has resulted in untold numbers of motorists from other jurisdictions being able to travel on 407 ETR without receiving a bill.

[edit] Tolls

The base toll, as of February 1, 2007, for vehicles under 5,000 kg is 17.60 cents/Km during peak hours (6am-10am and 3pm-7pm weekdays) and 16.80 cents/Km during other hours.^[1] Heavy vehicles pay twice the auto toll, or three times if towing a trailer. Previously the rate had been 16.25 cents/Km and 15.50 cents/Km respectively.

Additionally, there is a $2.35/month charge for the transponder, with a 15% discount if paid on an annual basis, and a 50% discount for the second and additional transponders on an account.

Autos without transponders are charged $2.35 for each month with activity, plus a $3.55 Video Toll Charge. For heavy vehicles, transponders are mandatory, with their absence punishable both as a traffic offence and by a $15 per trip surcharge.

[edit] Lane configurations from west to east

[edit] Interchanges from west to east

Municipality	Exit Number	Intersecting Roads	Notes
Burlington	1	Highway 403 and Queen Elizabeth Way	Start of Highway (Same-direction interchanges only)
Burlington	5	Dundas Street (Halton Regional Road 5)
Burlington	9	Appleby Line
Oakville	13	Bronte Road (Halton Regional Road 25)
Oakville	18	Neyagawa Boulevard
Oakville	21	Trafalgar Road (Halton Regional Road 3)
Oakville - Milton - Mississauga Corner Boundary	24	Highway 403
Milton - Mississauga Boundary	28	Britannia Road (Halton Regional Road 6 and Peel Regional Road 3)
Milton - Mississauga Boundary	31	Derry Road (Halton Regional Road 7 and Peel Regional Road 5)
Halton Hills - Milton - Mississauga Corner Boundary	34	Highway 401 Photo
Brampton - Mississauga Boundary	39	Mississauga Road (Peel Regional Road 1)
Brampton	42	Mavis Road
Brampton	44	Hurontario Street
Brampton	46	Highway 410
Brampton	48	Dixie Road / Peel Regional Road 4
Brampton	50	Bramalea Road	Eastbound entrance and westbound exit.
Brampton	53	Airport Road (Peel Regional Road 7)
Brampton	54	Goreway Drive	Eastbound entrance and westbound exit.
Vaughan	58	Highway 427
Vaughan	59	Highway 27 (York Regional Road 27)
Vaughan	63	Pine Valley Drive (York Regional Road 57)
Vaughan	65	Weston Road (York Regional Road 56)	Westbound entrance and eastbound exit.
Vaughan	66	Highway 400 photo
Vaughan	67	Jane Street (York Regional Road 55)
Vaughan	69	Keele Street (York Regional Road 6)
Vaughan	73	Dufferin Street (York Regional Road 53)
Vaughan	75	Bathurst Street (York Regional Road 38)
Vaughan - Richmond Hill - Markham Corner Boundary	77	Yonge Street (York Regional Road 1), formerly Highway 11
Richmond Hill - Markham Boundary	79	Bayview Avenue (York Regional Road 34)
Markham	81	Leslie Street (York Regional Road 12)	Westbound entrance and eastbound exit
Markham	82	Highway 404 Photo
Markham	84	Woodbine Avenue (York Regional Road 8)
Markham	86	Warden Avenue (York Regional Road 65)
Markham	88	Kennedy Road (York Regional Road 3)
Markham	90	McCowan Road (York Regional Road 67)
Markham	92	Markham Road / Main Street Markham South
Markham	94	Ninth Line (York Regional Road 69)	southbound ramps to 407
Markham	96	Markham Bypass (York Regional Road 48)	southbound ramps to 407
Markham - Pickering Boundary	98	York-Durham Line (York Regional Road 30; Durham Regional Road 30)
Pickering	100*	North Road	Future interchange
Pickering	102*	Pickering Airport Connector	Future interchange
Pickering	103*	Pickering Sideline 24	Future interchange
Pickering	106*	Brock Road (Durham Regional Road 1)	Currently at-grade intersection
Pickering	108*	Highway 7	East terminus (Currently at-grade intersection)

• *Exit number not posted (or future interchange), based on kilometre post.

[edit] 407 East Extension

This article contains information about a planned or expected future road. It may contain information of a speculative nature and the content may change dramatically as the road's construction and/or completion approaches and more information becomes available.

An environmental assessment (EA) to consider an extension of Highway 407 through Durham Region from its current Brock Road terminus in Pickering, Ontario to Highway 115 in Clarington, Ontario is underway. Also being studied in the assessment are two north-south connecting highways between Highway 407 and Highway 401 to the south, one located in the general vicinity of western Whitby, Ontario and the other near Courtice, Ontario.

A preferred route will be announced as part of the EA process in spring of 2007, and the EA is expected to be complete in late 2008. However, the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario has promised to accelerate the process should they win the 2007 Ontario general election.

It has not been determined whether the 407 extension itself or the north-south connector highways will operate as a tollway or as a conventional free highway.

On March 6, 2007 as part of the FLOW initiative, the Government of Canada and the Province of Ontario confirmed the extension of the 407 to Highway 115 in Clarington, including the connector highways, with an announced completion date of 2013.^[2]

The following table provides a list of possible future interchanges. However, the determination of the exact locations of interchanges will be determined via the EA process, so the list is speculative.

[edit] Fleet

• Ford F-series road patrol pickups - Roadside Assistance Patrol
• 23 snowplows
• 24 salt spreaders

[edit] Facilities

Maintenance Yards

• • Bronte Road - Oakville.
  • Trafalgar Road.
  • Derry Road East - Milton / Mississauga boundary.
  • Mavis Road - Mississauga / Brampton boundary.
  • Steeles Avenue West - Vaughan, Ontario
  • Dufferin Street and Racco Way.

[edit] See also

• Garden State Parkway
• New Jersey Turnpike
• New England Thruway
• New York State Thruway
• Private highway

[edit] References

1. ^ 407 ETR. "407 ETR Rate Increase Equals More Lanes and Faster Trips", CNW Group, 29 December 2006. Retrieved on January 5, 2007.
2. ^ Canada’s New Government announces investment to cut commute times, clear the air and drive the economy in the Greater Toronto Area,Web site of the Prime Minister of Canada, retrieved March 7, 2007

[edit] External links

• 407/ETR Official Website
• 407 East Extension Environmental Assessment
• Ontario Ministry of Transportation
• Highway 407 Act, 1998
• Highway 407 at OntHighways.com

v • d • e 400-series highways of Ontario
Highways	400 · 401 · 402 · 403 · 404 · 405 · 406 · 407 ETR · 409 · 410 · 416 · 417 · 420 · 427 · QEW (451)
Proposed	424 · Mid-Peninsula Highway · Bradford Bypass
See also	List of Ontario provincial highways · List of Ontario expressways