Herbert Yardley

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Herbert Osborne Yardley (13 April 1889-7 August 1958) was an American cryptologist most known for his book The American Black Chamber (1931). The title of the book refers to the cryptographic organisation of which Yardley was the founder and head — MI-8; under Yardley, the cryptanalysts of the American Black Chamber broke Japanese diplomatic codes and were able to furnish American negotiators with significant information during the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922. He later helped the Nationalists in China break Japanese codes and worked briefly for the Canadian government, helping it set up a cryptological section.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Codebreaking 3 The American Black Chamber 4 After the Black Chamber 5 References

[edit] Early life

Yardley was born in 1889 in Worthington, Indiana. His mother, Mary Emma Osborn Yardley, died when he was 13. His father, Robert Kirkbride Yardley, was a station master and telegrapher for a railroad. From him, Herbert learned to use the telegraph.

After graduating high school in 1907, Yardley worked as a telegrapher for a railroad. He spent his free time learning how to play poker, and applied his winnings towards his further schooling. In 1912, after passing the civil service exam, he was hired as a government telegrapher.

Yardley began his career as a code clerk in the State Department. He accepted a Signal Corps Reserve commission and served as a cryptologic officer with the American Expeditionary Forces in France during World War I. He also worked in the American Black Chamber.

[edit] Codebreaking

His work in the code room started his career in cryptology by breaking the U.S. government codes that crossed his desk. At that time, American codes were very weak and Yardley solved them easily. He was shocked to learn that President Wilson was using a code that had been in use for over ten years. The weakness of American codes worried Yardley, especially considering the war in Europe, so he wrote up a hundred-page “Solution of American Diplomatic Codes” and gave it to his boss.

Breaking American codes got Yardley wondering about the codes of other countries. American participation in the war gave Yardley an opportunity to sell the government on his idea to set up a section to break other countries' codes. He convinced Major Ralph Van Deman of the need and in June-July of 1917 Herbert Yardley became a 2nd lieutenant in the Signal Corps and head of the newly created eighth section of military intelligence – MI-8.

Yardley proved to be a very good administrator and during the war the people of MI-8 performed well even if they did not have any spectacular successes. After the war, the American Army and the State department decided to jointly fund MI-8 and Yardley continued as head of the “Cipher Bureau”. They set up shop in New York City for legal reasons.

Cracking Japanese codes was a priority. Kahn (2004, pg 62), states:

The most important target was Japan. Its belligerence toward China jeopardized America's Open Door policy. Its emigrants exacerbated American racism. Its naval growth menaced American power in the western Pacific. Its commercial expansion threatened American dominance of Far Eastern markets.

After close to a year, Yardley and his staff finally managed to break the Japanese codes and were still reading Japanese diplomatic traffic when Washington hosted the Washington Naval Conference in 1921. The information the Cipher Bureau provided the American delegation was instrumental in getting the Japanese side to agree to a 5:3 ratio instead of the 10:7 ratio the Japanese wanted. This was the height of Yardley's cryptanalytic career.

Unfortunately, Yardley spent much of his time in New York involved in unrelated activities. Also, the flow of diplomatic telegrams dried up as companies became less willing to break the law to help the government. In Washington, William Friedman was actively exploring cryptographic frontiers for the Army – the Cipher Bureau was becoming irrelevant. However, it was moral indignation that finally doomed the bureau. Henry L. Stimson was Secretary of State under President Hoover. When he found out about Yardley and the Cipher Bureau, he was furious and withdrew funding, summing up his argument with "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail."

[edit] The American Black Chamber

The American Black Chamber, 1931, Bobbs-Merrill Company, 375 pages, illustrated.

In this work Herbert Yardley outlines the history of the first US Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) organization. Intercepting the secret messages of opponents and allies provided the US with invaluable information that improved policy decisions. Yardley first demonstrated how significant this new form of intelligence could be by breaking US codes. In addition to describing the activities of MI-8 during WWI and the American Black Chamber in the 1920's, Yardley illustrated the basic principles of signals security. This book was an embarrassment to the US government at the time, and compromised some of the sources Yardley and his associates used. Much of the post WWI code breaking was done by obtaining copies of enciphered telegrams sent over Western Union by foreign diplomats (as was the custom before countries had technology for specialized communications devices). This work was instantly popular and critics at the time concluded ". . . it the most sensational contribution to the secret history of the war, as well as the immediate post-war period, which has yet been written by an American. Its deliberate indiscretions exceed any to be found in the recent memoirs of European secret agents." (W. A. Roberts as quoted in The Codebreakers ) Yardley's former colleagues were less enthusiastic. William Friedman, considered the father of modern US SIGINT, was incensed by the book and related publicity in part because sources and methods were compromised and because Yardley's contribution was overstated. While Yardley may have thought that publishing this book would force the US Government to re-establish a SIGINT program, it had the opposite effect. In addition to selling 17,931 copies in the US, 5.480 more were sold in the UK, and it was translated into French, Swedish, Japanese, and Chinese. The Japanese version sold an unprecedented 33,119 copies. Through this work an estimated 19 nations were alerted that their codes were broken. The US Government considered prosecuting Yardley, but he apparently did not technically violate existing law regarding protection of government records. This oversight was corrected by PL 37 (USC Title 18, section 952) in 1933, which became law in response Yardley's efforts to publish another book entitled "Japanese Diplomatic Secrets." This subsequent work was seized by US marshals and never published. This book represents an early example of the expose national security books that would appear after WWII, and include The Codebreakers and The Puzzle Palace which also focus on US SIGINT operations and organizations.

[edit] After the Black Chamber

MI-8 closed its doors for good on 31 October 1929 – just two days after the stock market crashed and the Great Depression began. Not a good time for someone with Herbert O. Yardley's rather esoteric skills to be out of a job. Unable to find anything promising and with a wife and young son to support, Yardley decided to try writing about his old job. His memoirs, The American Black Chamber, was published by Bobbs-Merrill in 1931.

The American Black Chamber was entertaining and based on fact – mostly telling the story of Yardley's breaking of the Japanese codes and the effect of that at the Washington Naval Conference. It sold well and gave Yardley a taste of fame and infamy. The American government was greatly displeased with these developments. The Japanese government was embarrassed and also very unhappy. Surprisingly, the wording of the espionage laws at that time did not permit prosecution of Yardley. (This situation was changed two years later with a new law imposing stiff penalties for unauthorized revelations of cryptologic secrets.)

Yardley did some cryptologic work for Canada (although pressure from the US on the Canadian government meant this was limited) and China during World War II, but he was never again given a position of trust in the U.S. government. Despite this in 1999 he was given a place in the NSA Hall of Honor.

None of Yardley's many later attempts at writing were as successful as The American Black Chamber. Still, he published several articles, three spy/mystery novels (The Blonde Countess, Red Sun of Nippon, and Crows Are Black Everywhere), and worked on a few movies (including Rendezvous, based very loosely on one of his novels, The Blonde Countess) as a writer and technical advisor. He also wrote a book on poker: Education of a Poker Player, which sold well. He also wrote Japanese Diplomatic Codes: 1921-1922 in 1933. It would be seized and impounded by the government, and not declassified unto 1979. Yet another cryptographic memoir, The Chinese Black Chamber (about his work in China), was finally published in 1983.

Yardley died at 1:15 p.m. on 7 August 1958, a week or so after having a major stroke. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Grave 429-1 of Section 30.

Yardley is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

[edit] References

• David Kahn, The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail: Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking, Yale University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-300-09846-4
• David Kahn, The Codebreakers, Macmillan Company, New York, New York, 1972. LOC Number 63-16109
• Herbert Osborne Yardley, The Education of a Poker Player, Including Where and How One Learns to Win, Oldcastle Books, 1990. ISBN 0-948353-76-7 (originally published in 1957)

The article incorporates text from OpenHistory.