Herbert Dowbiggin
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Sir Herbert Layard Dowbiggin, C.M.G. (1880-May 24, 1966) was the British colonial Inspector General of Police of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from 1913 to 1937, the longest tenure of office of an Inspector General of Police (IGP). He was called the 'Father of Colonial Police'. He made a lasting impression on the Sri Lanka Police, which is intensely disliked by the public. His period is notable for the repressive action he took against the movements for freedom and socialism that emerged at this time. He was the only IGP whose departure was celebrated with a public meeting in Colombo.
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[edit] Antecedents
Dowbiggin was the sixth child of Rev. Richard Thomas Dowbiggin and Laetitia Anna Layard. His father had translated the Bible into Sinhala, and his younger brother Hugh Blackwell Layard Dowbiggin was born in Sri Lanka. His maternal grandfather was Sir Charles Peter Layard KCMG, the Government Agent of the Western province (after whom Layard's Broadway in Colombo was named) who was himself the grandson of Gualterus Mooyaart, Administrateur of Jaffna under the Dutch United East India Company, the VOC. He was a relative of Sir Henry Austen Layard of Nineveh fame [1][2].
[edit] Inspector General of Police
During Dowbiggin's tenure of office in Sri Lanka, the strength of the Force was enhanced considerably and the posts of two Deputy Inspectors General were also created. He oversaw an expansion of the Force: the number of Police stations increased, so that by 1916 there were 138 all over the island.
He also modernised the Force, introducing new techniques of investigation such as fingerprinting and photography and improving the telecommunications network for the Police as well as increasing the mobility of the Force. The analysis of crime reports became more systematic. He purchased the land on Havelock Road, Colombo, on which the Police Headquarters and the 'Police Park' playing fields are located.
It was early in his tenure that H.H. Engelbrecht, a Boer wild life officer in Yala, was unjustly jailed in 1914 for allegedly having supplied meat to the German light cruiser Emden .
Facing the riot of 1915, he authorised the use of draconian measures. Anagarika Dharmapala was arrested and his legs were broken in police custody; his brother died. E. W. Perera, a lawyer from Kotte, braved mine and submarine-infested seas (as well as the Police) to carry a secret Memorial in the soles of his shoes to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, pleading for the repeal of Martial Law and describing the atrocities committed by the Police led by Dowbiggin [3].
[edit] Palestine
In January 1930, Dowbiggin was sent to Palestine to advise on the re-organisation of the Palestine police, and his report was submitted in May. It was a highly confidential document which it was considered impossible to publish at the time. [4] On his advice, the British and Palestine Sections of the Police were reinforced, and deployed so that no important Jewish settlement or group of Jewish farms was without a detachment, with access to sealed armouries, furnished with Greener guns. Each colony was provided with a telephone and the road network was improved to give the Police greater mobility[5].
It is significant that Dowbiggin structured the colonial police force in Palestine as a civilian, rather than a military, force, including the deployment of many police stations in rural areas, based on his experience in Sri Lanka. His successor, Charles Tegart, the former commissioner of the Calcutta Police, recommended the building of highly fortified, military-style Police stations, the so-called 'Tegart Fortresses', in Arab areas [6].
[edit] Retirement
In 1937, he retired from the service. A public meeting was organised on 10 January by a committee, including Mark Anthony Bracegirdle of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, to condemn 'the bloodstained record' of Dowbiggin as IGP of Ceylon, to mark 'the victims of police brutality and terrorism of 1915' and to condemn 'the betrayal of the Ceylonese nation by Sir Baron Jayatilaka... in attempting to identify the nation with an appreciation of Sir Dowbiggin’s [sic] services.' The popular George E. de Silva presided and A.E. Goonesinghe, leader of the Ceylon Labour Party, was a guest speaker. Ten thousand people attended the meeting, held at Galle Face Green [7].
Dowbiggin was not a particularly vicious police officer. Indeed, in comparison with officers like Tegart, he might be considered something of a moderate. However, he was an officer of an oppressive, racist, colonial system and he was shaped by that system.
He died in Suffolk, England on May 24, 1966.
[edit] Further reading
- "Sir Henry Dowbiggin." The Police Journal: A Review for the Police Forces of the British Commonwealth of Nations Vol. XXXIX No. 1 (January 1966): 328.
