Health science
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Health Sciences are the group of disciplines of applied science dealing with human and animal health. There are two parts to Health Sciences: the study and research knowledge of health and the application of that knowledge to improve health, prevent and cure diseases, and understand how humans and animals function. Research builds primarily on the basic sciences of biology, chemistry, and physics as well as a variety of multidisciplinary fields (for example medical sociology). Other fields which made an exceptionally significant contribution to the health sciences include biochemistry, biotechnology, engineering, epidemiology, genetics, nursing, pharmacology, pharmacy, public health, psychology ,physical therapy, and medicine. The health sciences industry, a multi-billion dollar business, is a subset of the life sciences, medical care, and diagnosis industries.
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[edit] Historical overview
The foundations for the Health Sciences fields are as old as the human race. Humans have always been in need of solutions to address illness, injury, and various health related issues such as childbirth. With modern technology and the backing of the pure sciences, the scientific accuracy of these fields has greatly improved. Nevertheless, many cultures have used and continue to use various herbs and other culturally specific solutions to help solve health problems that may or may not be backed by any scientific support.
[edit] Acquisition of health-related knowledge
See Medical research.
[edit] Application of health-related knowledge
[edit] Health deliveries
There are a large number of health professions. The terms medicine or biomedicine, and medical doctor or M.D. refer to dominant conventional practices in the West.
There are a wide range of traditional areas of health science. The most common areas are: medicine, nursing, midwifery, and various forms of therapy to supplement the healing process and restore proper activity (e.g. Dietetics, recreational, physical, occupational, speech, and respiratory). Health science includes both the study and application of preventing and curing human diseases and disorders. Medical doctors include physicians and surgeons. There are many different branches of medicine; the other health care professions also have specialties or focus on specific populations or settings of care. Public health studies the effect of environmental factors such as available health care resources on the health of the general population, often focusing on particular populations, such as mothers and children. Dietitians educate people about proper nutrition, particularly specific dietary needs of populations such as people with diabetes, breastfeeding women, and people with celiac disease. Other less common medical areas include first aid and triage.
Dental health has grown in importance in recent decades making dentistry a major field of health sciences. Counselling, hospice care, home care, nutrition, medical social work, alternative medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology are all considered part of health science.
Veterinary medicine is the health science dedicated exclusively to the care of animals. Veterinary medicine is involved in preventing and curing animal diseases and disorders, inspecting animal originated food (like milk and meat) and animal husbandry.
[edit] Contemporary themes
Because health science deals with human life, issues of medical ethics, an important area of ethics, arise frequently. Medical ethics includes questions on topics such as a patient's right to privacy. Euthanasia, abortion, human cloning, stem cell research and genetic engineering are especially controversial issues directly related to health science.
[edit] Health practices
[edit] Conventional Western practices
- Allopathic medicine
- Athletic training
- Dentistry
- Dietetics
- Epidemiology
- Genetic counseling
- Medical physics
- Medicine
- Medical technology
- Nursing
- Nutrition
- Occupational therapy
- Optometry
- Osteopathic medicine (Note: Osteopathy, as practiced in most countries other than the USA, is listed under complementary and alternative practices below)
- Pharmacology
- Physical therapy (physiotherapy)
- Psychology, including [(Animal, Behavioural, Clinical, Health, Medical, Neuropsychology and others)]
- Psychoanalysis
- Psychotherapy, including Cognitive therapy
- Public health
- Physical education
- Speech-Language Pathology
- Surgery, including anaesthesiology
- Veterinary medicine
[edit] Complementary and alternative medicine
- Alexander Technique
- Chiropractic
- Dorn method
- Herbalism
- Holistic health
- Homeopathy
- Hypnosis
- Massage therapy
- Natural medicine
- Naturopathic medicine
- Orthomolecular medicine
- Osteopathy (Note: Osteopathic medicine as practiced in the USA is listed under traditional western practices above)
[edit] Spiritually-based healing
[edit] Traditional medicine and folk medicine
- Ayurveda
- Folk medicine
- Medical herbalism
- Native American traditional healing
- Shamanism
- Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture
- Traditional Korean medicine
[edit] Health practices of historical interest
- Blood letting
- Heroic medicine
- Magnet therapy
- Medieval medicine
- Patent medicine
- Phrenology
- Trepanation
[edit] See also
- Main list: List of basic health science topics
- Biomedical research
- Biomedical engineering
- Biomedical technology
- Biomedical informatics
- Evidence-based medicine
- Health economics
- History of medicine
- Medical informatics
- Medical ethics
- Pharmaceutical industry
- Preventive medicine
- Publicly-funded health care
- Public health
[edit] External links and references
- Links to Health Professions Websites
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
- The US National Library of Medicine
