Hansel and Gretel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hansel and Gretel (German: Hänsel und Gretel, Hänsel being (approximately) pronounced "Hencel") is a fairy tale of Germanic origin, adapted by the Brothers Grimm and earlier by Giambattista Basile.
Contents |
[edit] Plot synopsis
Hansel and Gretel are the children of a poor wood cutter. Fearing starvation, the wood cutter's wife (variously called the children's mother or step-mother), convinces him to lead the children into the forest and abandon them there. Hansel and Gretel hear her plan and gather white pebbles to leave themselves a trail home. After their return, their mother again convinces the wood cutter to abandon them; this time however, they can only leave a trail of breadcrumbs. Unfortunately, the various animals of the woods eat their trail of breadcrumbs causing Hansel and Gretel to become lost.
Lost in the forest, they find a house made of bread (later versions call it gingerbread), with sugar windows, which they begin to eat. The inhabitant of the house, who is an old woman, invites them in and prepares a feast for them. The woman, however, is a witch who has built the house to entice children to her, so that she may fatten and eat them. She cages Hansel, and makes Gretel her servant. While she prepares to cook Hansel, she tells Gretel to climb into an oven to be sure it is ready to bake; but Gretel guesses that the witch intends to bake her, and tricks the witch into climbing into the oven, closing it behind her.
Taking jewels from the witch's house, they set off for home to be reunited with their father, whose wife has since died of evilness. "Then all anxiety was at an end, and they lived together in perfect happiness."
[edit] Analysis
The tale as we know it from Brothers Grimm was meant to be a pleasant fable for middle-class consumers of the 19th century; the original however was probably an admonishment of the hardships of medieval life.[1] Because of episodes of famine, war, plague and other reasons, abandoning children in the woods to die or fend for themselves was not unknown, in particular during the crisis of the Late Middle Ages. Many critics have posited that the tale likely stemmed from historical instances of abandonment caused by famine; see the works of Jack Zipes and Maria Tatar for example.[2]
In the first editions of the Grimms' collection, there was no stepmother; the mother persuaded the father to abandon their own children. This change, as in Snow White, appears to be a deliberate toning down of the unpleasantness, for children.[3]
That the mother or stepmother happens to die when the children have killed the witch has suggested to many commentators that the mother or stepmother and the witch are, in fact, the same woman, or at least that an identity between them is strongly hinted at. [4] Besides their endangering the children, they have in common a preoccupation with food: the stepmother to avoid hunger, and the witch with her house built of food and her desire to eat the children.[5]
The tale is Aarne-Thompson type 327A.[6] The Brothers Grimm identified the French Finette Cendron and Hop o' My Thumb as parallels to the story.[7]
[edit] Notable derivatives
- Engelbert Humperdinck wrote a 1893 opera, Hänsel und Gretel, based on the fairy tale.
- A Book of Witches (1966), by Ruth Manning-Sanders.
- The novel The Magic Circle by the author Donna Jo Napoli.(1995)
- Hansel and the witch (called Frau Totenkinder, translating to Ms. Deadchildren) both appear as characters in the comic book series Fables, written by Bill Willingham, which was first published in 2003.
- In chapter 3 of No Rest for the Wicked (2006) November & company encounter a madwoman who ate her son and daughter (Hansel and Gretel) to keep them with her. She continued doing the same to other children thinking they were also Hansel and Gretel.
- On 12 January 1999, the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer aired an episode entitled "Gingerbread", of which the ghosts of two murdered children persuaded the town to burn all witches. Although the series' main characters suspected the children to have actually been Hansel and Gretel, the ghosts were in fact the disguise of a single demon, who utilized the fairytale to sway the town.
[edit] References
- ^ George Gordon Coulton (1989). The Medieval Village. Page 326
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales, p49, ISBN 0-691-06722-8
- ^ Maria Tatar, p 45, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
- ^ Max Lüthi, Once Upon A Time: On the Nature of Fairy Tales, p 64, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., New York, 1970
- ^ Maria Tatar, p 57, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
- ^ Heidi Anne Heine, "Tales Similar to Hansel And Gretel"
- ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 72 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Project Gutenberg e-text
- SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Annotated Hansel and Gretel. Includes an annotated version, literary history, public domain artwork, modern analysis, bibliography and book gallery.
