Hannie Schaft
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Jannetje Johanna (Jo) Schaft (16 September 1920 – 17 April 1945), was a Dutch communist resistance fighter during World War II. Her nickname was the girl with the red hair (in Dutch Het meisje met het rode haar, also the title of a book and film about her). Her secret name in the resistance movement was Hannie.
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[edit] Early life and education
Hannie Schaft was born in Haarlem. Her mother was a Mennonite and her father was attached to the Social Democratic Workers' Party. During her law studies at the Universiteit van Amsterdam she became friends with the Jewish students Philine Polak and Sonja Frenk. This made her feel strongly about actions against Jews. With the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II university students were required to sign a declaration of allegiance to the occupation authorities. When Hannie refused to sign the petition in support of the occupation forces, she could not continue her studies and moved in with her parents again. She became more and more active in the resistance movement and helped people who were hiding from the Germans with stolen IDs and food-coupons.
[edit] Resistance work
She joined the Raad van Verzet, a resistance movement that had close ties to the Dutch communist party and was not trusted very much by other resistance groups. Her motivation to join the communists was that they were at least resisting actively. With her friend Truus she carried out various attacks on Germans, collaborators and traitors. She learned to speak German fluently and got involved with German soldiers. Some resistance members considered her a traitor for that.
After a sub-department of the Raad van Verzet in Velsen killed a farmer, without authorization from the groups' leaders, Hannie brought a list of names of the ones who did that to her leaders. Afterwards the names people on this list were given to the Sicherheitsdienst, which meant a certain death. Most likely Hannie did not know the result her action would have. After the war this episode was investigated by a special commission.
Hannie Schaft was hated by the German occupier, because just before the end of the war she executed various attacks that were pointless in the eyes of the Germans. She was arrested by accident when she was distributing the illegal communist newspaper de Waarheid. Although at the end of the war there was an agreement between the occupier and the Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten not to execute women, she was shot dead three weeks before the end of the war in the dunes of Bloemendaal. She supposedly said to her executors: "I shoot better than you".
After the war, in these dunes the remains of 422 resistance people were found, 421 men and one woman, Hannie Schaft. She was reburied at the honorary cemetery at Overveen in the presence of princess Juliana and her husband prince Bernard. Later, as queen, Juliana unveiled a bronze commemorative statue in the Kenau Park in nearby Haarlem, her birth place. Hannie Schaft also received the 'Wilhelmina resistance cross' and a US decoration.
Shortly after the war, the communist ideology enjoyed some popularity, partly because of the effort of the USSR in defeating the nazis. However, with that country's increasing influence in Eastern Europe, the popularity decreased. Because the Dutch communist party celebrated her as an icon, her popularity decreased too, to the point that the commemoration at Hannie's grave was forbidden in 1951. The commemorators (who were estimated to number over 10,000) were stopped by several hundred police and military with the aid of 4 tanks. A group of seven managed to circumvent the blockade and reached the burial ground, but were arrested when they tolled the bell. From the next year on, the communists decided to prevent another such scene by holding their commemoration in Haarlem in stead.
A number of schools and streets were named after her. For her, and other resistance-heroines, a foundation has been created; the Stichting Nationale Hannie Schaft-herdenking. A number of books and movies have been made about her. She features in De Aanslag of Fons Rademakers. Ineke Verdoner wrote a song about her. Author Theun de Vries wrote a biography of her life, which has inspired the movie Het Meisje met het Rode Haar by Ben Verbong featuring Renee Soutendijk as Hannie Schaft.
