Hair analysis (alternative medicine)

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Main article: Hair analysis

Hair analysis is the chemical analysis of a hair sample. It is used in some branches of alternative medicine as a method of investigation to assist diagnosis. Its use is controversial.

Contents

[edit] Background

The hair is analyzed, looking at the levels of minerals and metals in the hair sample. Using the results, some advocates of hair analysis claim that they can diagnose mineral deficiencies, heavy metal poisoning and even conditions such as autism.[1] That hair mineral analysis can be used to diagnose some heavy metal toxicities is undisputed by toxicologists and routinely recognized in courts of law.[2]

As of 1998, "the 9 commercial 'nutritional hair analysis' laboratories currently operating in the United States, 3 indicate that they primarily use ICP-MS, 4 primarily use ICP-AES, and 1 reports use of directly coupled plasma (DCP)-AES. DCP-AES is an older technique that is potentially less stable than ICP-AES. On average, these laboratories measure 26 elements per hair sample. Nutritional hair analysis laboratories require between 0.3 and 1 gram for the AES methods, and 0.25-1 gram for ICP-MS."[3] The amount selected depends on the analytical method used, but sample sizes in the 50 milligram range are reported.[4]

[edit] Unreliable and inconsistent results

In a 1985 investigation of 13 commercial laboratories published in the Journal of the American Medical Association noted inconsistencies and questionable content in their reports and recommendations:

"Hair samples from two healthy teenagers were sent under assumed names to 13 commercial laboratories performing multimineral hair analysis. The reported levels of most minerals varied considerably between identical samples sent to the same laboratory and from laboratory to laboratory. The laboratories also disagreed about what was "normal" or "usual" for many of the minerals. Most reports contained computerized interpretations that were voluminous, bizarre, and potentially frightening to patients. Six laboratories recommended food supplements, but the types and amounts varied widely from report to report and from laboratory to laboratory. Literature from most of the laboratories suggested that their reports were useful in managing a wide variety of diseases and supposed nutrient imbalances. However, commercial use of hair analysis in this manner is unscientific, economically wasteful, and probably illegal."[5]

Barrett did not explicitly rule out that further diagnostic uses for hair mineral analyses could be discovered in the future, but rather described the three sets of issues that prevent that hair mineral tests provided by the sampled labs from being accepted as scientifically sound and clinically viable: a lack of standardization and general agreement on the techniques by which hair mineral content was to be determined, a lack of general consensus on the meaning of hair mineral content analyses, and a lack of agreement on treatments for putative imbalances.[5]

In 2001 a follow up investigation was conducted to see if things had improved since the 1985 investigation. The authors concluded:

"Hair mineral analysis from these laboratories was unreliable, and we recommend that health care practitioners refrain from using such analyses to assess individual nutritional status or suspected environmental exposures. Problems with the regulation and certification of these laboratories also should be addressed."[6]

Its viability for use in forensics has also been questioned.[7]

Tests have shown that levels of heavy metal in the body may not be reflected by the levels in the hair.[8]

[edit] Peer-reviewed studies that suggest further uses for hair mineral analysis in medicine

Despite this lack of consensus, there is evidence to suggest that hair analyses can be a useful tool in both medical research and in clinical diagnostics. Studies have found statistically significant differences between healthy people and people with autism, multiple sclerosis mentally handicapped children, dementia, protein deficient diets, and histories of violent criminal behavior.

  • A 2003 study in the International Journal of Toxicology found that hair mercury levels in autistic infants do, indeed, significantly differ from those in healthy children.[9] One of the co-authors of this paper was the chairman of the chemistry department at the University of Kentucky.[10]
  • A 1978 study by researchers at Dalhousie University found that "when scalp-hair samples from 40 multiple sclerosis patients and 42 controls were analyzed, ...highly significant differences (99% confidence) were observed between the two groups in concentrations of Cu, l, Mn, S, Se, and V.[11]

Illnesses are diagnosed by measuring markers that prove the presence of a clear distinguishing difference between healthy persons and those with the illness in question. Presently, Multiple Sclerosis is diagnosed, as circumstances dictate, by means of a physical examination, an MRI test, or lumbar puncture into the spine.

  • A preliminary 1986 study in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine of hair metal concentrations in "long-stay hyperactive mentally handicapped children and agitated senile dements" found that in the children "the only metals showing significant differences at the P= 0.01 level were lead and zinc. Zinc was significantly low in the hyperactive children when compared with the controls, and lead was raised (Student's t test.) In the blood analyses, neither metal showed any statistically significant difference between the groups." The specific measurements were
  • hair lead: hyperactives (N=20) average= 15.1 μg/g, standard deviation = 1.8 μg/g, controls: hair lead (N=20) average= 5.3 μg/g, standard deviation= 2.9μg/g
  • blood lead: hyperactives (N=20): average= 9.4 μg/dl, standard deviation=7.2 μg/dl, controls (N=20): average= 6.0 μg/dl, standard deviation = 4.3 μg/dl.
  • hair zinc: hyperactives (N=20) average = 97.5 2.9μg/g, standard deviation = 14.7μg/g, controls (N=20): average = 123 μg/g standard deviation= 12.6 μg/g
  • serum zinc: hyperactives (N=20): average = 83.2 μg/dl standard deviation = 11.8 μg/dl, controls (N=20): average = 87.6 μg/dl standard deviation= 12.4 μg/dl

The study continued: "The results of the agitated senile dementia patients ... The only significant difference at the P= 0.01 level was for aluminium, with the agitated patients showing a raised level compared to controls." The actual measurements were:

  • agitated senile dementia patients (N=22, gender=F) average=19.5 μg/g, standard deviation= 11.1 μg/g. Control patients (N=20, gender=F) average= 9.3 μg/g, standard deviation= 7.4 μg/g

It is merely to repeat the words of the authors to note that whereas they were unable to identify any significant differences between the hyperactives and controls and the agitated senile dementia patients and controls, whereas this was possible by means of hair analysis. [12]

  • A 1972 study of hair analysis in 41 healthy Indonesian children and 40 protein-deficient Indonesian children found that average hair manganese was five times higher and hair sodium was 2.5 times higher in the protein deficient children. The author concluded: "The physiological significance of these results is obscure... Despite their statistical significance, the increases are not consistent enough for diagnostic use in individual subjects."[13]
  • A 1991 study found that in recently incarcerated incarcerated inmates, "significantly elevated manganese levels were found in the hair of violent versus nonviolent subjects (P less than .0001)."[14] Another study, dating to 1989 found that hair testing was able to correctly identify 86% of the violent and 78% of the nonviolent inmates (N= 40+40) that it studied.[15]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Lathe, Richard, and Michael Le Page. "Toxic metal clue to autism: a study has revealed startling differences in mercury levels in the hair of autistic and normal children. (This Week)." New Scientist 178.2400 (June 21, 2003): 4(2).
  2. ^ Court TV: Criminal Mind: Forensics and Investigation. Heavy Metals in Forensics Accessed January 29, 2007
  3. ^ Eastern Research Group. Appendix C. SUMMARY REPORT, HAIR ANALYSIS PANEL DISCUSSION: EXPLORING THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE. ATDSR. June 12—13, 2001
  4. ^ Eastern Research Group. SECTION 3 3.4 Other Methodological Considerations. SUMMARY REPORT, HAIR ANALYSIS PANEL DISCUSSION: EXPLORING THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE. ATDSR. June 12—13, 2001
  5. ^ a b Barrett S. Commercial hair analysis: Science or scam? JAMA 254:1041-1045, 1985. [PMID: 4021042]
  6. ^ Seidel S, Kreutzer R, Smith D, McNeel S, Gilliss D. Assessment of commercial laboratories performing hair mineral analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001 Jan 3;285(1):67-72.
  7. ^ Wennig, R. "Potential problems with the interpretation of hair analysis results.(Selected Papers from the 2d International Meeting of the Society of Hair Testing)." Forensic Science International 107.1-3 (Jan 10, 2000): 5-12.
  8. ^ Teresa M, Vasconcelos SD, Tavares HM. Trace element concentrations in blood and hair of young apprentices of a technical-professional school. Sci Total Environ. 1997 Oct 20;205(2-3):189-99.
  9. ^ Holmes AS, et al. Reduced levels of mercury in first baby haircuts of autistic children. Int J Toxicol. 2003 Jul-Aug;22(4):277-85. AbstractPlus
  10. ^ Haley B. Dr. Boyd Haley on Mercury toxicity & Autism. Interview accessed at www.youtube.com January 26, 2007
  11. ^ Ryan DE, et al.Trace elements in scalp-hair of persons with multiple sclerosis and of normal individuals Clin Chem. 1978 Nov;24(11):1996-2000.
  12. ^ Barlow PJ al.Trace metal abnormalities in long-stay hyperactive mentally handicapped children and agitated senile dements. J R Soc Med. 1986 Oct;79(10):581-3.
  13. ^ Bowen HJ.Determination of trace elements in hair samples from normal and protein-deficient children by activation analysis. Sci Total Environ. 1972 May;1(1):75-9.
  14. ^ Gottschalk LA et al Abnormalities in hair trace elements as indicators of aberrant behavior. Compr Psychiatry 1991 May-Jun;32(3):229-37.
  15. ^ Cromwell PF et al Hair mineral analysis: biochemical imbalances and violent criminal behavior. Psychol Rep 1989 Feb;64(1):259-66.

[edit] External links

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