Hīt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hīt or Heet (Arabic: هيت) is a city in al-Anbar province, Iraq. Hīt lies northeast of Ramadi, the provincial capital, in the Sunni Triangle.
Contents |
[edit] Under U.S. occupation
The small city of Hīt is one of a string of Sunni population centers along the Euphrates valley in Anbar province that the U.S. occupation forces found to be volatile. It is considered to be the main route traveled by non-Iraqi insurgents on their way from Syria into central Iraq. Located on the river between the city of Haditha and the provincial capital, Ramadi, Hīt has been the scene of intermittent fighting between U.S. forces and Iraqi and foreign insurgents. Unlike Ramadi or Haditha, Hīt does not fit into the regular rotation structure of U.S. forces in Anbar; lying just east of the regimental sector headquartered at Asad and just west of the Ramadi brigade sector, it has long been the territory of stand-alone Army and Marine battalions on short-term deployments. The Navea Training Center, which lies just to the south-east of Hīt, is used by the U.S. Army for training the New Iraqi Army.
[edit] March 2003 through February 2004
The first U.S. units (besides special operations forces that passed through during the invasion) to arrive in Hīt during OIF 1 (March 2003 to early 2004) were elements of the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment. After September 2003, the (3d ACR) was attached to the 82nd Airborne Division based out of Ramadi. With 3d ACR stretched across a vast region of western Anbar, few forces and little effort was spared for Hīt; the city fell within the operating zone of the 2–3rd ACR, which was responsible both for providing convoy security in that sector of the Euphrates valley and for protecting the larger base nearby at Al Asad. Attacks on U.S. units in the area were sporadic.
[edit] March 2004 through March 2005
In March 2004, the 82nd Airborne handed responsibility for Al Anbar province over to the 1st Marine Division. The Marines' Regimental Combat Team 7 (RCT-7) took the reins in the far west from the 3d ACR. As widespread violence flared across most of Iraq, and especially in Al Anbar in early April with major battles taking place in Ramadi and Fallujah, the 1st Marine Division arranged for RCT-7's operations in the west to be supporting efforts for Regimental Combat Team 1's and 1-1st BCT's operations in the more densely populated eastern areas of the province; as a result, during the spring of 2004, RCT-7 and two of its battalions (2nd Battalion 7th Marines (2/7) and 1st Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion [1st LAR]) were sent east to support these other operations. This left only one battalion (3rd Battalion 7th Marines based in Al Qaim near the Syrian border) and a provisional unit formed around elements of 2nd Small Boat Company and other Marine units operating out of Al Asad to cover the whole of western Al Anbar. Marine presence in Hit decreased significantly with the loss of a battalion task force from the area. In the Marines' absence, Hīt was influenced by insurgent elements infiltrating from the Ramadi and Fallujah areas.
After 2/7 returned to the Hīt area from operations in support of Operation Vigilant Resolve, the battalion re-established its presence in the city and insurgent activity abated. From April through September 2004, 2/7 conducted security and stability operations along the upper Euphrates River valley, at times having responsibility for the entire area west of Ramadi from the Highway 1/10 split, through the constellation of towns and villages composed of Hīt, Baghdadi, Haditha, and as far north as the town of Rawah. 2/7’s mission during this time was four-fold: defeat Anti-Iraqi Forces (AIF), conduct operations with Iraqi Security Forces, protect critical infrastructure, and secure key coalition supply routes.
2/7 focus of operations was in and around the city of Hīt. It worked extensively with the Hīt town council and citizens to establish a productive dialogue and the beginnings of local representative governance. The unit also worked with many tribes in the area, particularly with the Abu Nimur tribe to maintain relative security for the region; the Abu Nimur has a long and notable history in region. In addition 2/7 began and maintained a critical dialogue with the Hīt city religious leaders, working to change the minds of the local religious community as to the intentions of the coalition forces. U.S. military sources suggest that 2/7 civil affairs efforts injected nearly $3 million USD into local reconstruction and security efforts. Furthermore, the battalion established one of the first viable Iraqi Security Force presences in the region by training local police forces and Iraqi National Guard (ING, formerly Iraqi Civil Defense Corps units) units. In a relatively short period of time, the ISF were capable of conducting small scale operations independent of the battalion.
2/7 was instrumental in establishing the 503rd ING Battalion. The 2/7 Combined Action Program platoon was the focus of this effort. 2/7’s CAP facilitated the organization, training, and equipping of the Iraqi-led efforts of more than 500 Iraqi soldiers of the 503rd Battalion. Local Iraqi police forces also benefited from 2/7 presence in the city of Hit, but the experience with the ING was much more productive. ([1] [2])
The 503d was able to achieve an initial Iraqi-only capability for providing some aspects of local security within a four month period. In addition to daily security duties within the local area of operations, elements of the 503d Battalion conducted limited offensive operations in the Hīt area as well. For example, the 503d conducted several cordon and searches of local villages independent of 2/7. Another prominent example is the 503d being designated as the Regimental Combat Team-7 (RCT-7) main effort during an RCT attack to destroy insurgents in Hīt in mid-October 2004.
2nd Battalion, 7th Marines approach toward coalition presence in the Hīt area, incorporating local Iraqi civil, religious, and tribal communities, with the emerging Iraqi security force efforts, resulted in a model example of how to gain and maintain stability in an areas known for it violent backlash towards coalition efforts. The 2/7 model of utilizing Arab and Iraqi societal cultural keys to success was a template which other units adopted in part through 2004 and 2005.
The highlight of 2/7’s efforts came during the Iraqi national transfer of sovereignty from the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to the Interim Iraqi Government (IIG). Local citizens had hope in a new future with this transfer of power.
The difficult and challenging security situation prevailed for the remainder of the year, when the 1st Marine Division and both of its RCTs continued to be largely focused on Fallujah. In late 2004 coalition units in the Hīt area were again repositioned to support operations in Fallujah during November 2004. This action depleted coalition presence in the western portion of Al Anbar even more so than during April 2004, reducing the span of tasks which U.S. units remaining in Al Anbar could perform. Without a sustained effort towards dialogue with local Iraqis and mentoring of Iraqi Security Forces in the Hīt area, the insurgency grew in intensity in the Hīt-Haditha-Rawah corridor; this situation was not reversed until mid-late 2005.
In September of 2004 the 2nd Battalion 7th Marines were relieved by 1st Battalion 23rd Marines based out of Texas. Initially the battalion was located at Al Asad Airbase but as the months passed and the conflict in Fallujah escalated, the battalions companies were tasked with separate areas of operation. The battalion was ordered to cover a majority of the Al Anbar province. It was during this time that the marines in the battalion engaged in the "Six Days of HIT." It began as an ambush on a US military convoy. That evening the 1st Battalion 23rd Marines's Scout/Sniper platoon was called upon to conduct reconnaissance on the western region of the city. At the same time, Bravo Company made their way to the eastern side of the city, via Ar Ramadi, to recover a police station which had been overtaken by groups of insurgents. In the six days that followed the battalion's Scout/Snipers, eventually accompanied by 2nd Force Reconnaissance Company and elements from US ARMY Special Forces, engaged and repelled hundreds of insurgents with minimal casualties.
[edit] March 2005 through February 2006
In April 2005, the 2nd Marine Division assumed control of Anbar, and Regimental Combat Team 2, Commanded by Colonel Davis, established a base of operations at Al Asad Air Base. 3rd Battalion, 25th Marines, a Reserve Marine Corps unit out of Ohio, incorporated the City of Hit into their area of operation. 3/25, formerly concentrating their operations out of the Forward Operating Base (FOB) six miles north of Hit, reached into the city, establishing two Firm Bases and one Combat Outpost. Firm Base One, which was the epicenter for Civil Affairs Operations, was positioned at the "Teacher's College" and the primary school in Hai Al Molamein and Hai Al Seneya (Teacher's District and Industrial District). Firm Base 2 was established at the Youth Center in the heart of the city, and Combat Outpost 3 was established at the "Pink Hotel" along the Euphrates river, near the Hit water treatment plan. After establishing a stronger presence in the city the insurgency began to take emboldened steps at ousting the Marines. 3/25 diligently worked to bring stability and security to the City through presence patrols, active intelligence gathering, and Civil Military Operations / Civil Affairs, led by Captain John Cordone (CA Team Commander 5th CAG), who replaced Major Rick Croker, a highly effective Reserve Officer and Policeman who was killed in action north of the city.
As the summer came to a close, the insurgency launched well aimed coordinated attacks against the Marines and the Iraqi Army unit that was assigned to the area. Key attacks focused on India Company, 3/25. On September 4th, around 10am, two suicide vehicle bombers attempted access to Firm Base One. Taking advantage of an innocent distraction created by some municipal workers, as well as a recent visit the Firm Base by a prominent Sheik, one pick-up truck, and one bread truck, ladened with explosives, sped to the east entry control point. The vehicles exploded killing two Iraqi soldiers and wounding a large number of coalition forces. A 45 minute fire fight followed, to include several RPG shots at the buildings. At the same time another parked vehicle bomb exploded on the Hit Bridge, which crossed the Euphrates River.
During the fall of 2005, it became increasingly clear to U.S. military commanders that as the elections of October 15 and December 15 approached, more combat forces would be needed to bolster security along the upper Euphrates. 3/25 ended their deployment mid September and were replaced by the 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines. The Civil Affairs Team was replaced by Team 1, Detachment 3, 6th CAG, commanded by Major Tom Shoemake, which began their relief-in-place on September 4th at Firm Base One. As an example of the many policy inconsistencies that were to follow, 3/1 was replaced after only two weeks by the 2nd of the 114th Field Artillery. 3/1 moved north to take over Haditha Damn, while the 2/114, a Mississippi National Guard unit, began operations in Hit. Commanded by Lt Col Gary Huffman, the 2/114 was employed as a provisional infantry battalion with an attached Active Duty Tank Company: Alpha Troop, Task Force 2-11 Armored Cavalry Regiment. Alpha Troop, TF 2-11 ACR conducted their intra-theater deployment to Hit, Iraq under the direction of the Executive Officer, CPT George Kloppenburg and Troop 1SG, 1SG Wilfred Urioste. The Commander, CPT Kenneth E. A. Swift, who was on leave during their move to Hit, would join them two weeks later as they continued to conduct combat operations for the Troop's last two months in Iraq. Under Lt Col Huffman's command, operations in the City of Hit drove on consistent intelligence, civil-military operations, and special operations supported by an Operational Detachment "A" Team. Lt Col Huffman, collaborating in depth with Major Shoemake and the ODA Team Leader, made many bold decisions that assisted in discovering various insurgent and terrorist cells. 2/114 additionally oversaw the October 15 elections, and planted the seeds for a successful December 15 election.
After only 60 days, 2/114 was replaced by 2nd Battalion, 1st Marines, part of the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. 2/1 had just completed an operation across the Euphrates River, with mediochre result in weapons caches and insurgents discovered or killed. After the operation they took control of the City of Hit for two weeks.
Mid December saw the arrival of the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit commanded by Colonel McKenzie, and 1st Battalion 2nd Marines commanded by Lt Col Andrew Smith, both capable leaders with tremendous understanding of counter-insurgency operations. The 22nd MEU later withdrew mid February after a highly successful tour, and was replaced by the 1st of the 36th Infantry under command of Lt Col Graves. In later March Major Shoemake's Civil Affairs Team was replaced by elements of 3rd CAG, led by Captain Brent Lilly.
The Fall and winter of 2005-2006 represents one of the challenges coalition forces has with the war in Iraq, predominately an inconsistent policy for assigning units to an area of operation. Not only does this challenge demonstrate strained commitment, but it also hinders effective intelligence gathering and consistent operational tempo. Recognizing this, higher command facilitated a decision to position 1/36 in the city for a one year tour.
[edit] March 2006 onwards
March 2006 was the start of the first consistent policy in Hit, Iraq. Having been positioned in Hit for one year, LtCol Graves tasked his staff to plan for goal oriented operations focusing on Stabilization Operations and Civil Military Operations. Lt Col Grave's Operations Officer orchestrated highly effective meetings to exploit previous successes, while learning from the mistakes as well.
[edit] February 2007
Task Force 2-7 Infantry from 1st BCT, 3 ID at Fort Stewart, GA took over responsibility of Hit from 1-36.
[edit] External links
2-7 infantry is next of 3rd id
