Guy Mollet
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Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975) was a French Socialist politician. He led the SFIO party from 1946 to 1969 and was Prime Minister in 1956-1957.
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[edit] Life
[edit] Early life and WWII
He was born in Flers, in Normandy, the son of a textile worker. He was educated in Le Havre and became a school teacher in Arras. Like most teachers, he was an active member of the French Socialist Party, then called the SFIO, and in 1928 he became SFIO Secretary for the Pas-de-Calais departement. He joined the French Army in 1939 and was taken prisoner by the Germans. Released after seven months, he joined the Resistance in the Arras area and was three times arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo.
[edit] Early political career
In October 1945, Mollet was elected to the National Assembly as representative of Pas-de-Calais. In 1946 he became Secretary-General of the SFIO against Daniel Mayer, the candidate supported by Léon Blum. Mollet represented the left-wing of the party which faired the dissolution of the Socialist identity in a centerist conglomerate. However, if he kept a marxist language, he accepted the alliance with the center and center-right parties during the Fourth Republic.
In this, he served as vice-Prime minister in 1946. In 1950-51 he was Minister for European Relations in the government of the Radical René Pleven, and in 1951 he was Deputy Prime Minister in the government of Henri Queuille. He represented France at the Council of Europe, and was President of the Socialist Group on the Council's Assembly. From 1951 to 1969 he was Vice-President of the Socialist International.
[edit] Premiership
During the 1956 legislative campaign, he created a center-left coalition called the Republican Front with the Radical Party of Pierre Mendès-France, the Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance led by François Mitterrand and the Social Gaullists headed by Jacques Chaban-Delmas.
It won the election in promising to re-establish the peace in Algeria. Leader of the main party of the coalition, Mollet led and formed the cabinet in January 1956.
[edit] Suez
Although Mollet wanted to concentrate on domestic issues, he found himself confronted with a major foreign policy issue, the Suez Crisis, when the President of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalised the Suez Canal.
As the crisis escalated, previously secret British cabinet papers show that in September 1956 the Anglophile Mollet requested to merge France and the United Kingdom and again, two weeks later, for France to join the British Commonwealth.[1] Along with the crisis, the French economy was in a mess and the United Kingdom was seen as a social and economic role model in Paris. Both requests were turned down by the British prime minister Anthony Eden, and a year later France signed the Treaty of Rome with Germany and the other founding nations of the Common market.
Eden feared that Nasser intended to cut off oil supplies to Europe. In October 1956 Mollet, Eden and the Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, met in secret and agreed to make a joint attack on Egypt. The Israelis invaded Egypt, and British and French troops occupied the Suez Canal area. But the invasion met with unexpected opposition from the United States, and France and the United Kingdom were forced into a humiliating backdown. Eden resigned, but Mollet survived the crisis, despite fierce criticism from the left.
[edit] Algeria
Like the rest of the French left, Mollet opposed French colonialism in Africa, and had supported Mendès-France's efforts in office to withdraw from Tunisia and Morocco. Mollet's government was left with the issue of Algeria, where the presence of a million French settlers made a simple withdrawal politically impossible (see also Algerian War of Independence).
Mollet's policy was to negotiate with the FLN liberation front. Once in office, however, he changed his mind and argued that the FLN insurgents must be defeated before negotiations could begin. He poured French troops into Algeria, where they conducted a savage campaign of counter-terrorism and torture, in particular during the Battle of Algiers which took place from January to October 1957. This was too much for most French socialists, and Mollet's government collapsed in June 1957 on the issue of taxation to pay for the Algerian War.
[edit] Suggested Franco-British Union
British Government cabinet papers from September 1956, during Sir Anthony Eden's term as Prime Minister, have shown that Mollet approached the British Government suggesting the idea of an economic and political union between France and the United Kingdom.[1]
Mollet's request for Union with Britain was rejected by Eden, but the additional possibility of France joining the British Commonwealth was considered, although similarly rejected.
The idea of a merger of France and Britain was previously proposed by Sir Winston Churchill on 16 June 1940 (the date is important as the German Panzer division was then racing through France, and Belgium had surrendered to Hitler a few days previously).[citation needed] It was apparently agreed by de Gaulle as a French defence liaison with Britain, one of whose advisory staff was Jean Monnet, later prime minister and architect of the post war recovery plan for France and then of the Common Market.
When the papers were made public in January 2007, a poll conducted by the BBC with the French public came out with a resounding note of surprise and disbelief. Almost all of the people interviewed contended the union would have been a disaster for France's identity.
[edit] Home Policy
Mollet's cabinet led a social policy which went unnoticed in due to the international context and the Algerian War. In this, the third week of holidays was decided. Besides, he negotiated and signed the Treaty of Rome creating the European Economic Community.
Mollet's cabinet was the last government formed by the SFIO, which was in increasing decline, and also the last stable government of the Fourth Republic. The unwinnable war in Algeria caused a crisis in 1958 in which Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement and in effect seized power. Unlike most of the French left, Mollet supported him on the grounds that France needed a new constitution which would allow the formation of strong governments. De Gaulle appointed him one of four Secretaries of State in his first cabinet. This caused the creation of the Unified Socialist Party, from a split of the SFIO.
[edit] Late political career
Mollet resigned from de Gaulle's cabinet in 1959 and did not hold office again. He remained Secretary General of the SFIO, but under de Gaulle's new system, the Fifth Republic, it was a powerless opposition party, and by the 1960s it was in terminal decline.
During the 1965 presidential campaign, he presented himself again like the attendant of the Socialist identity and opposed to the candidacy of Gaston Defferre, who proposed the constitution of a "Great Federation" with the non-Gaullist center-right. He accepted to support François Mitterrand's candidacy and participated to the center-left coalition called Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left. But it split three years later.
His leadership over the party was more and more challenged. He could not prevent the designation of Defferre as SFIO candidate at the 1969 presidential election. This one obtained a disastrous result (5%) which swallown up the SFIO and Mollet too. The party merged with left-wing clubs in a new Socialist Party, which Mollet abandonned the leadership to Alain Savary. However, the internal opposition accused Mollet to be stood the real leader of the party. It allied with François Mitterrand who joined the party during the Epinay Congress and took the lead in 1971.
Mollet and his followers were ejected in the minotity of the party. He mocked the Socialist speeches of Mitterrand: "he is not socialist, he has learned to speek socialist".
[edit] Death
Guy Mollet died in Paris in 1975. He is, until today, the more controversial of the French Socialist leaders. His name is tied up to the SFIO decline and his repressive policy in Algeria. In the French political language, the word molletisme means a duplicity consisting to do left-wing speeches to win the elections then lead a conservative policy. Currently, the French Socialist politicians preferred refer to the moral authority of Pierre Mendès-France, although he was not member of the party.
[edit] Biographies
His biography, by Denis Lefebvre, was called Guy Mollet: Le mal aimé (Guy Mollet: The Unpopular Man).
[edit] See also
[edit] Mollet's Ministry, 1 February 1956 - 13 June 1957
- Guy Mollet - President of the Council
- Christian Pineau - Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury - Minister of National Defense
- Jean Gilbert-Jules - Minister of the Interior
- Robert Lacoste - Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
- André Morice - Minister of Industry
- François Mitterrand - Minister of Justice
- René Billères - Minister of National Education, Youth, and Sport
- François Tanguy-Prigent - Minister of Veterans and War Victims
- Gaston Defferre - Minister of Overseas France
- Albert Gazier - Minister of Social Affairs
- Pierre Mendès-France - Minister of State
Changes
- 14 February 1956 - Paul Ramadier succeeds Lacoste as Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs. Morice leaves the ministry and is not replaced as Minister of Industry.
- 21 February 1956 - Jacques Chaban-Delmas enters the Ministry as Minister of State.
- 23 May 1956 - Mendès-France leaves the ministry
[edit] References
- ^ a b When Britain and France nearly married, summary of Document's "A Marriage Cordial", first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in January 2007. The document treated was DO 35/5264.
| Preceded by Daniel Mayer |
General Secretary of the French Section of the Workers' International 1946–1969 |
Succeeded by Alain Savary |
| Preceded by — |
Minister of State 1946–1947 |
Succeeded by — |
| Preceded by — |
Minister for the Council of Europe 1950–1951 |
Succeeded by — |
| Preceded by — |
Deputy Prime Minister of France with René Pleven and Georges Bidault 1951 |
Succeeded by René Mayer |
| Preceded by Edgar Faure |
Prime Minister of France 1956–1957 |
Succeeded by Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury |
| Preceded by — |
Deputy Prime Minister of France 1958 |
Succeeded by — |
| Preceded by — |
Minister of State 1958 |
Succeeded by — |
| Preceded by — |
Minister of General Civil Servant Status 1958–1959 |
Succeeded by — |
